“…Their implementation results using similar SoC-FPGA CP achieved real-time 3-dimensional detection of local UAV traffic at a range of 1000 m. Similar work is presented by [25] where additional processing system for frequency modulated continuous wave phased array Radar utilizing SoC-FPGA for autonomous navigation to identify nearby aircraft such as small UAVs up to 350 m and bigger aircraft up to 800 m. On that CP, DSP algorithms were also employed, including parallel FFT, cross-correlation, and beam-forming. In work [26], the CORDIC, EKF, and PID-Fuzzy algorithms were integrated with the FCC platform to create a real-time Guidance, Navigation, and Contro (GNC) system on an FPGA to read data from IMU sensors. After processing the payload data, FPGA-based CP generates navigation commands as Pulse width Modulation to actuator and servo motors.…”
This study describes the Computing Platforms (CPs) and the hardware reliability issues of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, which recently attracted significant attention in mission and safety-critical applications demanding a failure-free operation. While the rapid development of the UAV technologies was recently reviewed by survey reports focusing on the architecture, cost, energy efficiency, communication, and civil application aspects, the computing platforms’ reliability perspective was overlooked. Moreover, due to the rising complexity and diversity of today’s UAV CPs, their reliability is becoming a prominent issue demanding up-to-date solutions tailored to the UAV specifics. The objective of this work is to address this gap, focusing on the hardware reliability aspect. This research studies the UAV CPs deployed for representative applications, specific fault and failure modes, and existing approaches for reliability assessment and enhancement in CPs for failure-free UAV operation. This study indicates how faults and failures occur in the various system layers of UAVs and analyzes open challenges. We advocate a concept of a cross-layer reliability model tailored to UAVs’ onboard intelligence and identify directions for future research in this area.
“…Their implementation results using similar SoC-FPGA CP achieved real-time 3-dimensional detection of local UAV traffic at a range of 1000 m. Similar work is presented by [25] where additional processing system for frequency modulated continuous wave phased array Radar utilizing SoC-FPGA for autonomous navigation to identify nearby aircraft such as small UAVs up to 350 m and bigger aircraft up to 800 m. On that CP, DSP algorithms were also employed, including parallel FFT, cross-correlation, and beam-forming. In work [26], the CORDIC, EKF, and PID-Fuzzy algorithms were integrated with the FCC platform to create a real-time Guidance, Navigation, and Contro (GNC) system on an FPGA to read data from IMU sensors. After processing the payload data, FPGA-based CP generates navigation commands as Pulse width Modulation to actuator and servo motors.…”
This study describes the Computing Platforms (CPs) and the hardware reliability issues of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, which recently attracted significant attention in mission and safety-critical applications demanding a failure-free operation. While the rapid development of the UAV technologies was recently reviewed by survey reports focusing on the architecture, cost, energy efficiency, communication, and civil application aspects, the computing platforms’ reliability perspective was overlooked. Moreover, due to the rising complexity and diversity of today’s UAV CPs, their reliability is becoming a prominent issue demanding up-to-date solutions tailored to the UAV specifics. The objective of this work is to address this gap, focusing on the hardware reliability aspect. This research studies the UAV CPs deployed for representative applications, specific fault and failure modes, and existing approaches for reliability assessment and enhancement in CPs for failure-free UAV operation. This study indicates how faults and failures occur in the various system layers of UAVs and analyzes open challenges. We advocate a concept of a cross-layer reliability model tailored to UAVs’ onboard intelligence and identify directions for future research in this area.
“…Guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) systems are the key modules of aircraft and robots. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Traditionally, GNC is divided into three parts-namely, a guidance sub-system, a navigation sub-system, and a control sub-system. Now micro UAVs and small robots require electronic systems that reduce volume and increase performance sharply.…”
A GNC micro-system which is developed by 3D heterogeneous integration is presented in this paper. The SRAM, SoC, and FPGA chips are integrated onto a silicon interposer. Other chips are mounted on different MCM substrates. The whole 3D GNC micro-system is packaged using POP technology. The volume is reduced from 120 × 120 × 80 mm 3 to 40 × 40 × 23 mm 3 , and the weight is reduced from 1.5 kg to 300 g. The stability of the three axis gyroscopes in the GNC micro-system is 3.11°h −1 , 3.25°h −1 and 4.26°h −1 , and the accuracy is <5°h −1 . The positioning output stability of the satellite navigation receiver is better than 1 m under static conditions.
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a general purpose programmable logic device that can be configured by a customer after manufacturing to perform from a simple logic gate operations to complex systems on chip or even artificial intelligence systems. Scientific publications related to FPGA started in 1992 and, up to now, we found more than 70,000 documents in the two leading scientific databases (Scopus and Clarivative Web of Science). These publications show the vast range of applications based on FPGAs, from the new mechanism that enables the magnetic suspension system for the kilogram redefinition, to the Mars rovers’ navigation systems. This paper reviews the top FPGAs’ applications by a scientometric analysis in ScientoPy, covering publications related to FPGAs from 1992 to 2018. Here we found the top 150 applications that we divided into the following categories: digital control, communication interfaces, networking, computer security, cryptography techniques, machine learning, digital signal processing, image and video processing, big data, computer algorithms and other applications. Also, we present an evolution and trend analysis of the related applications.
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