Nanoparticles have been crucial in redesigning tumour eradication techniques,
and recent advances in cancer research have accelerated the creation and integration
of multifunctional nanostructures. In the fight against treatment resistance, which
has reduced the effectiveness of traditional radiation and chemotherapy, this paradigm
change is of utmost importance. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of several nanoparticles
made of carbon that has made a splash in the medical field. It offers potential new ways
to treat cancer thanks to its nanostructures, which can precisely transfer genetic elements
and therapeutic chemicals to tumour areas. Encapsulating genes, protecting them from
degradation, and promoting effective genetic uptake by cancer cells are two of GO
nanostructures' greatest strengths, in addition to improving drug pharmacokinetics and
bioavailability by concentrating therapeutic compounds at particular tumour regions. In
addition, photodynamic treatment (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), which use
GO nanoparticles to reduce carcinogenesis, have greatly slowed tumour growth due to
GO's phototherapy capabilities. In addition to their potential medical uses, GO nanoparticles
are attractive vaccine candidates due to their ability to stimulate cellular and innate
immunity. These nanoparticles can be used to detect, diagnose, and eradicate cancer because
they respond to certain stimuli. The numerous advantages of GO nanoparticles for
tumour eradication are attributed in large part to their primary route of internalisation
through endocytosis, which guarantees accurate delivery to target locations. The revolutionary
potential of multifunctional nanostructures in cancer treatment is highlighted in
this extensive compendium that examines current oncological breakthroughs.