“…With respect to a real-time CME event that happened on October 2, 2000, the developed algorithm predicted the propagation of three daily storms; the errors in arrival time and speed were 18 minutes and 20 km/s, respectively. This demonstrated that the g-values of IPS observations from the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE) can be used to track the propagation of CMEs.Furthermore, statistical validation was carried out on 50 CME-ICME pair events, yielding an average error of 310 km/s for velocity and 11.14 h for arrival time[4].Kim & Chang[5] looked into the relationships between solar variability and teleconnection indices, which affect atmospheric circulation and the spatial distribution of the global pressure system, in order to investigate the potential role of the Sun in understanding natural climate change. Using teleconnection indices [Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), and Pacific-North American (PNA)], they have computed the normalized cross-correlations of the total sunspot area, total sunspot number, and the solar north-south asymmetry.Consequently, (1) El Niño episodes most likely happen three years after a solar maximum because the SOI index has an anti-correlated relationship with both solar activity and the solar north-south asymmetry, with a lag of approximately −3 years.…”