Development of fish vaccine in Southeast Asia: A challenge for the sustainability of SE Asia aquaculture

A Mini-review: Effect of Dunaliella salina on the Growth and Health of Fish

“…Another obstacle is the limited number of vaccines that have been registered and marketed [10]. Therefore, the search and development of new materials that can be used as antibacterial, antiviral, and also have a good impact on fish growth needs to be done.…”

Isolation and molecular characterization of streptococcal species recovered from clinical infections in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Philippines

“…Outbreaks in farmed freshwater tilapia continue to threaten global production, contributing to severe economic losses encountered worldwide (Amal & Zamri‐Saad, 2011; Li et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2018). Numerous incidences of streptococcosis have been reported in intensive tilapia culture systems in South‐East Asia and have caused tremendous financial damage since tilapia farming is the most important, if not globally, in the region (Kayansamruaj, Areechon, & Unajak, 2020). While a range of bacterial aetiological agents have been identified from streptococcosis infections in fish, by far the greatest causes of these diseases are the Gram‐positive, Streptococcus agalactiae and S. iniae (Agnew & Barnes, 2007; Mishra et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2008).…”

A multi‐epitope chimeric protein elicited a strong antibody response and partial protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Nile tilapia

“…Therefore, the isolation of E. ictaluri in tilapia fish classified it as an emerging pathogen of tilapia aquaculture in South‐East Asia and a threat to the industry (Dong et al., 2019). To curb infections from E. ictaluri in aquaculture, the available vaccines are restricted to channel catfish and striped catfish, and they are host specific (Karsi et al., 2019; Kayansamruaj et al., 2020; Klesius & Shoemaker, 2000; Thanh & Berntsen, 2012). Previously, it has been revealed that antigenic heterogeneity among E. ictaluri isolates in channel catfish and the protective immunity induced by E. ictaluri was dependent on the isolate used for immunization (Klesius & Shoemaker1997).…”

“…(Dong et al., 2019; Soto et al., 2012). In South‐East Asia (SEA), the major freshwater aquaculture species produced are topped by tilapia and catfishes (20% and 18%, respectively, by quantity in 2014) (Kayansamruaj et al., 2020; SEAFDEC, 2017); hence, mortalities due to E. ictaluri infections in these hosts can result in substantive economics losses and threaten food security. Interestingly, earlier research has shown that E. ictaluri species is composed of host‐specific genotypes that exhibit both serological and antigenic heterogeneity whereby serum specific to immunogenic epitopes from one host had reduced antibody activity to isolates from other hosts (Griffin et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2010; Lobb et al., 1993; Panangala et al., 2006; Plumb & Klesius, 1988; Rogge et al., 2013).…”