Development of Fish Immunity and the Role of β-Glucan in Immune Responses

Rodrigues, Marianna Vaz; Zanuzzo, Fábio S.; Koch, João Fernando Albers; Oliveira, Carlos Alberto Ferreira de; Šíma, Petr; Větvička, Václav

doi:10.3390/molecules25225378

Cited by 70 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 206 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…Beta glucans, especially derived from A. pullulans, are potent immunomodulators that have already been shown to decrease IL-6 and TNF-α levels, in addition to positively regulating Akt/PI3K and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signalling pathways, which are principal regulators of adipogenesis and glucose metabolism [16]. These beta glucans are capable of modulating the immune response by suppressing inflammatory cytokines [17] without over-activation. The beta glucans are capable of eliciting a unique immune response, binding directly with immune cells such as macrophages and, importantly, downregulating the abnormal macrophages while activating the normal macrophages [18][19][20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of novel strains of Aureobasidium pullulans produced 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on non-esterified fatty acid levels in diabetic KKAy mice

Ikewaki

Onaka²,

Ikeue³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, associated lipotoxicity and its cascade of events contribute to the majority of the burden related to non-communicable diseases globally. Preventive lifestyle changes aside, several beneficial effects have been reported in type II diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia patients with biological response modifier glucans (BRMG) produced as an exopolysaccharide by Aureobasidium pullulans. In this study, we compared two strains (AFO 202 and N 163) that produce beta glucans to differentiate their efficacy in alleviating lipotoxicity. Methods: This study was performed in obese diabetic mice model of KK Ay mice, in four groups with six subjects in each group, Group 1: sacrificed on Day 0 for baseline values; Group 2: control (drinking water); Group 3: AFO-202 beta glucan 200 mg/kg/day; Group 4: N 163 beta glucan, 300 mg/kg/day. The animals in groups 2 to 4 had the test solutions forcibly administered orally into the stomach using a gastric tube once daily for 28 consecutive days. Biochemical analyses were conducted of blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Results: Group 4 (N 163) had the lowest NEFA levels, as compared to the other groups, and marginally decreased triglyceride levels. The groups had no significant differences in blood glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, or LDL and HDL cholesterol. Conclusion: N 163 produced by A. pullulans decreased NEFA in a diabetic mice model in 28 days. These results, although modest, warrant further in depth research into lipotoxicity and associated inflammatory cascades in both healthy and disease affected subjects to develop novel strategies for prevention and management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of novel strains of Aureobasidium pullulans produced 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on non-esterified fatty acid levels in diabetic KKAy mice

Ikewaki

Onaka²,

Ikeue³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…These proteins can be activated by three pathways, known as the classical pathway (activated by antigenantibody complexes), alternative pathway (activated by molecules on the surface of microorganisms in an antibody-independent manner) and lectin pathway (activated by binding of mannosebinding lection to bacterial surface carbohydrates) (Abram et al, 2017;Matsushita, 2018). In addition to the complement system, a wide variety of soluble defense factors protect against the microbial intruder, such as microbial growth inhibitor (e.g., transferrin and interferon), enzyme inhibitor (e.g., protease inhibitors like α2-macroglobulin), antimicrobial peptide (e.g., lysozyme), agglutinins (e.g., C-reactive protein), chemokines, and as well as cytokines (Roy et al, 2017;Rodrigues et al, 2020). In invertebrates and other primitive vertebrates, the innate immune response is known as the vital and basis of their immune defense against pathogenic organism (Milutinović and Kurtz, 2016).…”

Section: Fish Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Omics Tools for Understanding the Fish Immune Response Due to Microbial Challenge

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, fish production through aquaculture and wild capture is escalating due to the higher fish protein demand for human consumption. Thus, the needs for fish products to be improved in scale and quality are becoming increasingly important to meet the nutrition requirements. The negative impacts caused by pathogens infection both in hatchery and grow-out ponds, have resulted in low aquaculture productivity and economic losses for the farmers. Therefore, a systematic study exploring relevant omics datasets through a systems biology approach will enable scientist to describe the complexity and characteristics of interactions in the host-pathogen network, leading to identifying new targets or biomarkers for diseases infection caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The use of different approaches and emerging technologies as a powerful tool in obtaining a new knowledge for sustainable aquaculture production has been increasingly applied by many researchers over the years. In this paper, several omics approaches used to assess the fish immune response were reviewed. A brief description is provided for the omics approaches applicable to aquacultures, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Each tool used are contributes to develop better treatment and prevention strategies to overcome aquaculture disease due to the microbial infections. In genomics and transcriptomics analysis, their parallel approach involving gene expression studies play important role in identifying immune-related genes of the host, response to infectious diseases. While for proteomics and metabolomics approaches, these omics will provide information on the biomarker discovery and understanding the immune-related biosynthetic pathway during pathogen infection. Additionally, examples of the integrative analysis of multi-omics tools required for researchers to better understand the biological systems of aquatic animals especially fish, will also be provided.

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“…However, since antibiotics lead to bacterial resistance generation, their use is discouraged nowadays, and several countries with major fish-producing facilities have banned their inclusion in biosecurity plans. Therefore, to improve fish robustness in aquaculture settings, several strategies based on the use of alternative sources like phytogenics [ 210 ], live microbes [ 211 , 212 ], their metabolic products like short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) [ 213 ] and sphingolipids [ 214 ], or structural components like peptidoglycan [ 215 ] or B-glucan [ 216 ] have been extensively tested in the last century as possible therapeutics for fish. Nevertheless, despite the entire group being potentially effective, all the previous strategies lack any specificity against a particular fish disease.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage Therapy as a Focused Management Strategy in Aquaculture

Ramos-Vivas

Superio

Galindo-Villegas

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Therapeutic bacteriophages, commonly called as phages, are a promising potential alternative to antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections of a wide range of organisms including cultured fish. Their natural immunogenicity often induces the modulation of a variated collection of immune responses within several types of immunocytes while promoting specific mechanisms of bacterial clearance. However, to achieve standardized treatments at the practical level and avoid possible side effects in cultivated fish, several improvements in the understanding of their biology and the associated genomes are required. Interestingly, a particular feature with therapeutic potential among all phages is the production of lytic enzymes. The use of such enzymes against human and livestock pathogens has already provided in vitro and in vivo promissory results. So far, the best-understood phages utilized to fight against either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial species in fish culture are mainly restricted to the Myoviridae and Podoviridae, and the Siphoviridae, respectively. However, the current functional use of phages against bacterial pathogens of cultured fish is still in its infancy. Based on the available data, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge about phage, identify gaps, and provide insights into the possible bacterial control strategies they might represent for managing aquaculture-related bacterial diseases.

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Development of Fish Immunity and the Role of β-Glucan in Immune Responses

Cited by 70 publications

References 206 publications

Beneficial effects of novel strains of Aureobasidium pullulans produced 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on non-esterified fatty acid levels in diabetic KKAy mice

Beneficial effects of novel strains of Aureobasidium pullulans produced 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on non-esterified fatty acid levels in diabetic KKAy mice

Integration of Omics Tools for Understanding the Fish Immune Response Due to Microbial Challenge

Phage Therapy as a Focused Management Strategy in Aquaculture

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