Development of femoral trochlear groove in growing rabbit after patellar instability

Huri, Gazi; Atay, Özgür Ahmet; Ergen, Bilge; Ateşok, Kıvanç; Johnson, Darren L.; Doral, Mahmut Nedim

doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1603-0

Cited by 48 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The most important finding of this animal study was that abnormal mechanical stress caused femoral TD (flat trochlear groove) in growing rabbits. This finding is consistent with previous reports, that patellar subluxation or instability early in a rabbit's development causes femoral TD or flattening. In addition, we found initial changes in the cartilage layer and subsequent changes in the subchondral osseous layer in the progression of trochlear groove flattening.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…That study found that the patellar dislocation model of growing rabbits could lead to femoral TD. Huri et al . also reported that lateral patellar subluxation or instability (loss of restraint function of medial patellofemoral ligament) early in a rabbit's development caused femoral TD or flattening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TD is the malformation of the shape and depth of the femoral trochlear groove. Previous studies have demonstrated that loss of the soft tissues of the medial patella can lead to TD. Computed tomography has been used in some studies to evaluate the sulcus angle of the trochlear groove.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that loss of the soft tissues of the medial patella can lead to TD. Computed tomography has been used in some studies to evaluate the sulcus angle of the trochlear groove. However, human computed tomography produces low‐resolution images in experimental animals, with accompanying measurement discrepancies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…established an animal model of patellar dislocation by plicating the lateral patellar capsule. Another patellar instability model was created by releasing the medial retinaculum, medial patellofemoral ligament, medial patellotibial ligament, and medial patellomeniscal ligament, without plicating the lateral retinaculum. Wang et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Femoral Trochlear Groove After Patellectomy in Growing Rabbits

Wang

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Surgery

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Objective: To explore the effects of patellectomy on the bony and cartilaginous morphology of the trochlear groove in growing rabbits.Methods: Forty-eight 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group underwent a sham surgical procedure, whereas the patellectomy group underwent patella excision surgery. Half of the rabbits in each group were sacrificed 3 months postoperatively; the rest were sacrificed 6 months postoperatively. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on collected samples. Measurements included the bony and cartilaginous sulcus angles of the trochlear groove. In addition, the thickness of the articular cartilage at the deepest sulcus position (central thickness) and at the mid-position of the medial and lateral facets was measured and compared between groups.Results: Three months after surgery, histological images revealed significant differences between the control group and the patellectomy group in cartilaginous sulcus angle (144.2 AE 1.5 vs 151.9 AE 2.4 , respectively; P < 0.001). No obvious difference in bony sulcus angle was found between the groups. Six months after surgery, significant between-group differences were observed in cartilaginous sulcus angle (136.3 AE 2.5 in control group vs 160.7 AE 3.0 in patellectomy group, P < 0.001) and bony sulcus angle (136.2 AE 2.2 in control group vs 160.4 AE 2.6 in patellectomy group, P < 0.001). However, there were no significant intra-group differences between cartilaginous and bony sulcus angles in either group. Three months after surgery, significant between-group differences were detected in articular cartilage thickness at the three different positions (medial facet: 324.3 AE 14.0 μm in control group vs 391.7 AE 98.8 μm in patellectomy group, P = 0.029; central position: 362.1 AE 13.6 μm in control group vs 730.3 AE 76.8 μm in patellectomy group, P < 0.001; lateral facet: 324.6 AE 12.7 μm in control group vs 358.5 AE 38.7 μm in patellectomy group, P = 0.009). No between-group differences in cartilage thickness were found at 6 months.Conclusions: Abnormal mechanical stress (patellectomy) during a rabbit's development can cause flattening of the femoral trochlear cartilage, followed by changes in the subchondral osseous layer. Abnormal mechanical stress is a crucial factor in the development of trochlear groove dysplasia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Femoral Trochlear Groove After Patellectomy in Growing Rabbits

Wang

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Surgery

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Moment arm function dictates patella sagittal height anatomy: Rabbit epiphysiodesis model alters limb length ratios and subsequent patellofemoral anatomical development

Dan

Parr

Crowley

et al. 2020

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Patellofemoral anatomical dysplasia is associated with patellofemoral instability and pain. The closure of the knee physis occurs at the same age as the peak incidence of patellofemoral dislocation. This study determined the effect on the patellofemoral anatomical development in a rabbit epiphysiodesis model. Twenty‐four skeletally immature New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups (a) distal femur epiphysiodesis (FE) (b) proximal tibia epiphysiodesis (TE) (c) control; no epiphysiodesis (C) performed at 6 weeks of age. The primary endpoint was shape analysis using three‐dimensional reconstructions of micro‐computed tomographys (CTs) performed at 30 weeks of age. The limb length ratios (femur:tibia) were significantly different for both FE (mean 0.72, SD 0.0381, P < .001) and TE (mean 0.91, SD 0.0383, P < .001) treatment groups compared to control (mean 0.81, SD 0.0073). Patella height, as measured from the most distal point of the patella to the tibial joint surface (modified Caton‐Deschamps measurement), was lower (baja) in the FE and higher (alta) for the TE, compared with the control group. Our findings suggest femoral and tibial shortening can influence the development of the patellofemoral joint, which may be dictated by moment arm function and is potentially responsible for the etiology of patella alta. Future studies are warranted to explore this association further with the view for the development of treatment options for patella alta in human patients.

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Effects of hindlimb suspension on development of proximal and distal femur morphological abnormalities in growing rats

Ozawa

Kaneguchi

Ezumi

et al. 2022

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Although morphological abnormalities of the femur are known predisposing factors for numerous musculoskeletal disorders, the etiology of these abnormalities is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate whether femoral morphogenesis is affected by hindlimb suspension (HS) in growing rats. We used 41 four‐week‐old female rats in this study. In the HS groups, rats were suspended from their tails for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Age‐matched animals were used as controls. We examined morphological indices of the femur using three‐dimensional reconstructed images from X‐ray computed tomography. The femoral neck anteversion angle (AVA) was higher with growth in the experimental groups and did not differ in control groups. The AVAs in the HS groups were larger than controls at any time point. In the control groups, the trochlear angle (TA) was higher, rotating inward with growth, but did not differ in the HS groups. The TAs in the HS groups were smaller and rotated more outward compared with the control groups at any time point. The height ratios of the medial and lateral condyles (MC/LC), an asymmetry index, were larger in the HS groups compared to controls at any time point. There were strong relationships between proximal (AVA) and distal morphologies, such as the TA (Spearman's coefficient [rs] = −0.80, p < 0.001) and MC/LC (rs = 0.79, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that sufficient physical activity in early life may protect against morphological femur abnormalities associated with hip and knee joint diseases.

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Development of femoral trochlear groove in growing rabbit after patellar instability

Cited by 48 publications

References 23 publications

Changes in Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Femoral Trochlear Groove After Patellectomy in Growing Rabbits

Changes in Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Femoral Trochlear Groove After Patellectomy in Growing Rabbits

Moment arm function dictates patella sagittal height anatomy: Rabbit epiphysiodesis model alters limb length ratios and subsequent patellofemoral anatomical development

Effects of hindlimb suspension on development of proximal and distal femur morphological abnormalities in growing rats

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