Development of face scanning for own- and other-race faces in infancy

Xiao, Wen; Xiao, Naiqi G.; Quinn, Paul C.; Anzures, Gizelle; Lee, Kang

doi:10.1177/0165025412467584

Cited by 50 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Interestingly, discrimination at 9 months was assessed using a new face set, suggesting that perceptual learning due to exposure transferred to new identities. A recent study further showed that 9 month old infants have a stronger eye-focus when viewing own-race compared to other-race faces, suggesting that enhanced viewing of the eyes may be associated with exposure and experience at a very young age [41]. These questions about the relative contribution of general (perceptual) learning effects in training facial expression categorization could be investigated further by directly comparing the benefits of supervised and unsupervised learning in facial expression and identity recognition training tasks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Facial Expression Training Optimises Viewing Strategy in Children and Adults

2014

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This study investigated whether training-related improvements in facial expression categorization are facilitated by spontaneous changes in gaze behaviour in adults and nine-year old children. Four sessions of a self-paced, free-viewing training task required participants to categorize happy, sad and fear expressions with varying intensities. No instructions about eye movements were given. Eye-movements were recorded in the first and fourth training session. New faces were introduced in session four to establish transfer-effects of learning. Adults focused most on the eyes in all sessions and increased expression categorization accuracy after training coincided with a strengthening of this eye-bias in gaze allocation. In children, training-related behavioural improvements coincided with an overall shift in gaze-focus towards the eyes (resulting in more adult-like gaze-distributions) and towards the mouth for happy faces in the second fixation. Gaze-distributions were not influenced by the expression intensity or by the introduction of new faces. It was proposed that training enhanced the use of a uniform, predominantly eyes-biased, gaze strategy in children in order to optimise extraction of relevant cues for discrimination between subtle facial expressions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Facial Expression Training Optimises Viewing Strategy in Children and Adults

2014

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“…Moreover, when such fine-grained spatial effects can not be hypothesized in terms of easily distinguishable AOIs, but are of the researcher’s interest, data-driven approaches that statistically compare entire fixation maps may be much better suited (see, e.g., Caldara & Miellet, 2011). Such data-driven approaches have already been adopted for face processing in typical adults (Arizpe, Kravitz, Yovel, & Baker, 2012; Blais, Jack, Scheepers, Fiset, & Caldara, 2008; Caldara, Zhou, & Miellet, 2010), infants (Xiao, Xiao, Quinn, Anzures, & Lee, 2013), and ASD participants (Shi et al, 2015; Yi et al, 2013; Yi et al, 2015). To conclude, the purpose of the research, combined with the stimuli used, should drive the choice of AOI and the analysis type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The area-of-interest problem in eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli

et al. 2015

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A problem in eyetracking research is choosing areas of interest (AOIs): Researchers in the same field often use widely varying AOIs for similar stimuli, making cross-study comparisons difficult or even impossible. Subjective choices while choosing AOIs cause differences in AOI shape, size, and location. On the other hand, not many guidelines for constructing AOIs, or comparisons between AOI-production methods, are available. In the present study, we addressed this gap by comparing AOI-production methods in face stimuli, using data collected with infants and adults (with autism spectrum disorder [ASD] and matched controls). Specifically, we report that the attention-attracting and attention-maintaining capacities of AOIs differ between AOI-production methods, and that this matters for statistical comparisons in one of three groups investigated (the ASD group). In addition, we investigated the relation between AOI size and an AOI’s attention-attracting and attention-maintaining capacities, as well as the consequences for statistical analyses, and report that adopting large AOIs solves the problem of statistical differences between the AOI methods. Finally, we tested AOI-production methods for their robustness to noise, and report that large AOIs—using the Voronoi tessellation method or the limited-radius Voronoi tessellation method with large radii—are most robust to noise. We conclude that large AOIs are a noise-robust solution in face stimuli and, when implemented using the Voronoi method, are the most objective of the researcher-defined AOIs. Adopting Voronoi AOIs in face-scanning research should allow better between-group and cross-study comparisons.

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“…This effect has been observed among individuals from not only adults (Brielmann, Bülthoff, & Armann, 2014; Fu, Hu, Wang, Quinn, & Lee, 2012; Goldinger, He, & Papesh, 2009; Wu, Laeng, & Magnussen, 2012; Brielmann, Bülthoff, & Armann, 2014), but children (Hu, Wang, Fu, Quinn, & Lee, 2014; Kelly et al, 2011) and even infants (Liu et al, 2011; Wheeler et al, 2011; Xiao, Xiao, Quinn, Anzures, & Lee, 2012). For example, Fu et al (2012) recently demonstrated that the race of a face can influence participants’ scanning patterns such that Chinese participants spend more time looking at the eye region of Caucasian faces relative to Chinese faces, and more time looking at the nose and mouth of Chinese faces relative to Caucasian faces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Visual scanning and recognition of Chinese, Caucasian, and racially ambiguous faces: Contributions from bottom-up facial physiognomic information and top-down knowledge of racial categories

et al. 2015

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Recent studies have shown that participants use different eye movement strategies when scanning own- and other-race faces. However, it is unclear (1) whether this effect is related to face recognition performance, and (2) to what extent this effect is influenced by top-down or bottom-up facial information. In the present study, Chinese participants performed a face recognition task with Chinese faces, Caucasian faces, and racially ambiguous morphed face stimuli. For the racially ambiguous faces, we led participants to believe that they were viewing either own-race Chinese faces or other-race Caucasian faces. Results showed that (1) Chinese participants scanned the nose of the true Chinese faces more than that of the true Caucasian faces, whereas they scanned the eyes of the Caucasian faces more than those of the Chinese faces; (2) they scanned the eyes, nose, and mouth equally for the ambiguous faces in the Chinese condition compared with those in the Caucasian condition; (3) when recognizing the true Chinese target faces, but not the true target Caucasian faces, the greater the fixation proportion on the nose, the faster the participants correctly recognized these faces. The same was true when racially ambiguous face stimuli were thought to be Chinese faces. These results provide the first evidence to show that (1) visual scanning patterns of faces are related to own-race face recognition response time, and (2) it is bottom-up facial physiognomic information of racial categories that mainly contributes to face scanning. However, top-down knowledge of racial categories can influence the relationship between face scanning patterns and recognition response time.

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Development of face scanning for own- and other-race faces in infancy

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Facial Expression Training Optimises Viewing Strategy in Children and Adults

Facial Expression Training Optimises Viewing Strategy in Children and Adults

The area-of-interest problem in eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli

Visual scanning and recognition of Chinese, Caucasian, and racially ambiguous faces: Contributions from bottom-up facial physiognomic information and top-down knowledge of racial categories

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