Development of Extraocular Muscles Requires Early Signals From Periocular Neural Crest and the Developing Eye

Bohnsack, Brenda L.; Gallina, Donika; Thompson, Hannah; Kasprick, Daniel S.; Lucarelli, Mark J.; Dootz, G.L.; Nelson, Christine C.; McGonnell, Imelda M.; Kahana, Alon

doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.75

Cited by 61 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…EOMs of vertebrates develop from two populations of mesenchymal cells [2]. Paraxial head mesoderm contributes to forming of lateral rectus and superior oblique muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral muscular slips between superior and inferior rectus muscles: case report with discussion on classification of accessory rectus muscles within the orbit

et al. 2018

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Accessory rectus muscles have rarely been reported as muscular ‘bands’ or ‘slips’ originating from the common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn) and inserting in atypical location. This group of muscles is innervated by the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve, lies on lateral side of the optic nerve and inserts in rectus muscles. Since there are only few descriptions of such unusual findings in the medical literature, the anatomical data on accessory rectus muscles is limited. Furthermore, existing reports vary in terms of studied objects (cadavers or living subjects), medical history (absence or presence of ocular movement disorders or eye movement abnormalities) and details of anatomical description. This report complements earlier publications and provides complete anatomical description of the accessory rectus muscle observed bilaterally during the dissection of a 68-year-old male cadaver with no eye movement abnormalities reported in the medical history. The accessory rectus muscle was divided into two ‘slips’ or ‘heads’—superior and inferior—running in the sagittal plane (laterally to the optic nerve and the main trunk of the ophthalmic artery) and attached to the superior and inferior rectus muscles. Noticeable thickening of both superior and inferior rectus muscles at the insertion point of the accessory muscle heads was observed only in the sagittal plane. On both sides, the inferior head of the accessory rectus muscle was innervated by one of sub-branches derived from the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve. No sub-branches to the superior head were macroscopically observed during the dissection. The classification, embryological background and clinical relevance of this variation have been discussed.

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“…EOMs of vertebrates develop from two populations of mesenchymal cells [2]. Paraxial head mesoderm contributes to forming of lateral rectus and superior oblique muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral muscular slips between superior and inferior rectus muscles: case report with discussion on classification of accessory rectus muscles within the orbit

et al. 2018

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“…Potential factors affecting the incidence of these congenital conditions include both genetic and environmental factors 1 2. Genetic factors include chromosomal abnormalities (such as duplications, deletions and translocations, eg, duplication 3q syndrome), monogenic causes (particularly in SOX2 ) and polygenic variants (in genes including PAX6 , OTX2 and CHX10 ) 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are thought to represent a phenotypic spectrum 1 2. While their exact pathogenesis is not fully understood, genetic causes can include chromosomal abnormalities (together with some monogenic and polygenic variants), while environmental factors such as intrauterine infections or toxins may also be involved 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While their exact pathogenesis is not fully understood, genetic causes can include chromosomal abnormalities (together with some monogenic and polygenic variants), while environmental factors such as intrauterine infections or toxins may also be involved 2. These factors lead to abnormal differentiation of the neuroectodermal tissues required for ocular and adnexal development, such that one or both eyes fail to develop normally, with a variable degree of abnormalities ranging from microphthalmia to ‘true anophthalmia’ 1 2. In one-third of cases, the ocular pathology is associated with a systemic syndrome 2…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends over time in the incidence of congenital anophthalmia, microphthalmia and orbital malformation in England: database study

et al. 2016

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“…The main focus of the paper by Bohnsack et al (2011) was, however, an elegant illustration in two animal models of a correlation between time of ocular insult and extraocular muscle formation. Based on these findings, the authors proposed that the noninvasive investigation of the extraocular muscles in human subjects with anophthalmia could provide insight into the timing (and therefore cause) of the insults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of the oculomotor system in clinical bilateral anophthalmia

et al. 2012

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The interdependence of the development of the eye and oculomotor system during embryogenesis is currently unclear. The occurrence of clinical anophthalmia, where the globe fails to develop, permits us to study the effects this has on the development of the complex neuromuscular system controlling eye movements. In this study, we use very high-resolution T2-weighted imaging in five anophthalmic subjects to visualize the extraocular muscles and the cranial nerves that innervate them. The subjects differed in the presence or absence of the optic nerve, the abducens nerve, and the extraocular muscles, reflecting differences in the underlying disruption to the eye's morphogenetic pathway. The oculomotor nerve was present in all anophthalmic subjects and only slightly reduced in size compared to measurements in sighted controls. As might be expected, the presence of rudimentary eye-like structures in the socket appeared to correlate with development and persistence of the extraocular muscles in some cases. Our study supports in part the concept of an initial independence of muscle development, with its maintenance subject to the presence of these eye-like structures.

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Development of Extraocular Muscles Requires Early Signals From Periocular Neural Crest and the Developing Eye

Cited by 61 publications

References 33 publications

Bilateral muscular slips between superior and inferior rectus muscles: case report with discussion on classification of accessory rectus muscles within the orbit

Bilateral muscular slips between superior and inferior rectus muscles: case report with discussion on classification of accessory rectus muscles within the orbit

Trends over time in the incidence of congenital anophthalmia, microphthalmia and orbital malformation in England: database study

The fate of the oculomotor system in clinical bilateral anophthalmia

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