Development of extracts obtained from yerba mate leaves with different industrial processing steps: Antimicrobial capacity, antioxidant properties, and induced damage

Abstract

This study was aimed at developing a yerba mate extract (YME) intended to be used as food additive with antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. For the extraction, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St Hill) leaves collected from three industrial processing steps (green, unaged-canchada, and aged-canchada) were used. The aged-canchada YME exhibited higher theobromine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, caffeine, and kaempferol than green YME. It was selected for further analyses as it showed the

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of yerba mate leaves for the development of active additives in sports nutrition products

“…The chromatographic analysis was performed as described by Schenk et al (2021) with slight modifications. Briefly, a 1525 HPLC system (Waters, USA) equipped with a binary pump, 2996 Photodiode Array (PDA) detector (Waters, USA), and autosampler (Waters 2707) was used.…”

“…The aged-canchada industrialization stage (Cooperativa Liebig, Corrientes, Argentina) was chosen, as it has been found to contain the highest levels of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in previous studies (Schenk et al, 2021).…”

The use of ultrasound in the South Cone region. Advances in organic and inorganic synthesis and in analytical methods

“… [158] Total phenolics Passion fruit rinds UAPLE ES: ethanol–water 70% v/v 3.0 g of fresh passion fruit 30 min 60 ◦C, 10 MPa and 360 W/cm2) with solvent flow rate of 10 g/min Penetration of the solvent into the pores of the plant improves mass transfer due to the disruption of cellular structures caused by cavitation [159] Phenolic and flavonoids compounds Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds UAE ES: 80% ethanol 20 g samples, 400 mL of solvent, Solid-solvent ratio (1:20), sonicated (USB) 30.8 kHz, 250 W/L (maximal power input density), 60 °C, 60 min Ultrasound is not always adequate to enhance the extraction yields due to the nature of the vegetal matrix. [160] Polyphenols and betalains Beet leaves UAE ES: water 20 g of sample and 200 mL of water sonicated (UP) for 30 min at 100 W 20 kHz [161] Poliphenols (Theobromine, chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, caffeine, and kaempferol) Yerba mate leaves UAE ES: ethanol 20 g of yerba mate leaves suspended in 200 mL of ethanol and twice-sonicated (UP) (750 W, 20 kHz, 95.2 μm, 25 °C, 10 min) Improved the mass transfer of analytes from the sample solution due to the formation of the high-frequency ultrasonic waves [162] Total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds Strawberry by-products UAE ES: methanol/water/ethanol-formic acid A mixture of ground sample plus the solvent (1:5 w/v) sonicated (40 kHz, 160 W) for 15 min (twice) Improved the mass transfer of analytes from the sample solution [163] Phenolic compounds Argentinean yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) UAE ES: ultra-pure water 5 g of sample with 50 mL of water (USB) sonicated for 30 min ------ [164] Organic acids and polyphenols Polish wine samples UASE-PMLS ES: EtAc/dichloromethane (1:1) 25 μL of wine sample, 1 mL of ES, sonicated (USB) 25 min ------ [165] Antioxidant compounds and pigments Blackcurrant, raspberry and elderberry UAE <...>…”

“…Undoubtedly, the most explored topic throughout the South Cone region is the extraction of polyphenols assisted by ultrasound. Table 1 shows 29 works from Chile [140] , [141] , [142] , [143] , [144] , [145] , [146] , Uruguay [147] , [148] , Southern Brazil [149] , [150] , [151] , [152] , [153] , [154] , [155] , [156] , [157] , [158] , [159] and Argentina [160] , [161] , [162] , [163] , [164] , [165] , [166] , [167] , [168] , [169] reported during the last 10 years The most important aspects highlighted were that ultrasound helped and improved extraction procedures, reduced operational time, enhanced extraction yields and made it greener in comparison to traditional extraction methods, according to others publication [170] . Nevertheless, the use of ultrasound did not always improve the performance of an analytical procedure or showed an important benefit in an extraction process [140] , [160] , [171] , [172] , [173] .…”

Antioxidant and antiglycant properties of different milling fractions of Neltuma ruscifolia, an underutilized species

“…For the identification of polyphenols, the technique reported by Schenk et al (2021) with slight modifications was used [34]. The extracts of Neltuma ruscifolia pods were filtered using a 0.45μm nylon membrane filter (NY 14831, Corning ® , NY, EE.…”