Development of entrepreneurship in valuable natural rural areas

Abstract

The values of the natural environment in the subject literature are commonly indicated as an asset conducive to development shaping the competitiveness of areas with such values. The paper attempts to assess the use of endogenous potential of such areas in shaping the multifunctional, sustainable development of rural areas that have such qualities. In particular, the aim was to check to what extent the sme sector, dominating in the economic structure of rural areas, solves the key problem of labour market imbalance and population migration in environmentally valuable areas. The area of detailed research is Podkarpacie, the Polish region considered as a peripheral, border region, the least urbanized region with the highest share of areas covered by various forms of nature protection and forestation, with one of the lowest gdp per capita indicator in the country. For the purpose of implementing the research assumptions, a taxonomic unit (using the complete linkage method) consisting of powiats with the highest concentration of features characteristic for rural areas of high natural values was separated. Synthetic indicators calculated on the basis of the Hellwig taxonomic development pattern method and a positional method using Weber's median were used to assess the diversity of entrepreneurship level. The research confirmed that the non-agricultural economic activity sector is less developed in areas of high natural value. Despite positive developments in the enterprise sector, their potential is too weak an economic base for addressing unsustainable labour market problems, as evidenced by high unemployment and a high negative migration balance. This limits the use of the endogenous potential of these areas and is not conducive to the concept of multifunctional, sustainable development. Migration poses a threat to the depopulation of these areas with all the negative consequences associated with such processes. This is a challenge for the studied areas and regional policy.

Change in the Level of Agricultural Development in the Context of Public Institutions’ Activities—A Case Study of the NASC Activities in Poland

“…The methodology used in the research is applied to determine the level of agricultural growth [56][57][58][59] (used the findings from these studies to build the matrix of diagnostic features used-tab 1), although it is also useful to study the level of social and economic development [30,] and the level of sustainable development [30,56,]. The National Agricultural Support Centre may have an impact on the level of agriculture achieved [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67].…”

Development of methodology for economic evaluation of land plots for the extraction and processing of solid minerals

“…Among the variety of evaluation methods for subsoil areas with a sufficient degree of geological study, the method of discounting cash flows and its modifications within the income approach are used [18][19][20]. The comparative approach, the main requirement for which is the presence of a sample of analogous objects, also finds application in foreign practice (especially in the USA) at all stages of geological exploration [21]. In the context of this approach, the method developed by the tax service of the state of Arizona (USA) for assessing land plots with mineral deposits, based on determining the minimum standard cost of reserves in the subsoil, related to the area, is also highlighted.…”

“…Mineral deposits are divided by the size of reserves into small, medium and large, and according to the degree of geological explorationinto four categories -A, B, C1, C2 21 . Thus, the following categories were identified for this factor and assessment points were determined by expert means: large field -7 points (maximum value), medium -4 points, small -1 point (minimum value) [32].…”