Development of dissimilar AA2014 and AA2024 based composite with nano-Si ₃ N ₄ reinforcement by friction stir process technique

Exploring Microstructural, Interfacial, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of AlSi7Mg0.3 Composites with TiMOVWCr High-Entropy Alloy Powder

“…This resulted in a higher number of smaller grains compared with conventionally processed materials. The uniform distribution of the HEA reinforcement further influenced the grain growth behavior, ensuring that the reinforcement particles acted as nucleation sites for new grains, promoting a fine-grained microstructure. , The smaller grain size enhanced the composite’s mechanical properties by impeding dislocation movement, thereby increasing its strength and hardness. Additionally, the increased grain boundaries contributed to improved wear resistance …”

“…However, the success of this approach relied on careful parameter optimization during the FSP process to avoid potential drawbacks such as porosity and microstructural defects. Here, the FSP technique was a solid-state processing method that involved the rotation of a nonconsumable tool in contact with the base material, generating heat and causing plastic deformation. , This process led to the incorporation of the TiMoVWCr HEA powder into the A356 matrix, forming a composite with a potentially enhanced wear resistance. The microstructural changes induced by FSP, such as refined grains and the distribution of the HEA particles, contributed to improved mechanical properties and wear performance.…”

“…The parameters of this machine (Figure a) encompassed essential aspects such as gauge length (25–50 mm), maximum extension (5 mm), specimen diameter (0.5–30 mm), and strain rate (10 –4 –10 –1 s –1 ). These parameters ensure a standardized and controlled environment for the tensile testing, allowing for precise determination of mechanical properties. , The ASTM E8 standard facilitates tensile testing. Samples, with a 36 mm gauge length and 6 mm gauge diameter, undergo evaluation to determine mechanical properties like yield strength (Figure a).…”

“…Ensuring the stability of the composite sample during processing, a suitable fixture was installed, following established guidelines. , The composite sample was securely positioned within this fixture on the milling machine. Upon initiation of the milling machine, the FSP process commenced, and stringent control was exerted over the process parameters to prevent any potential material degradation due to excessive heating . Following completion of the FSP process, the composite sample was handled with care and removed from the fixture.…”

“…The friction stir processing (FSP) technique has emerged as a transformative method for developing aluminum-based composites. FSP involves using a rotating tool to stir and consolidate materials in the solid state, facilitating the incorporation of reinforcement materials into an aluminum matrix. , This innovative process eliminates the melting and solidification associated with traditional methods, preserving the material’s integrity and producing a fine, homogeneous microstructure. ,, In the context of aluminum-based composites, FSP enables the uniform distribution of reinforcing elements, such as nanoparticles, fibers, or alloys, within the aluminum matrix. − This leads to enhanced mechanical properties, improved wear resistance, and increased strength without sacrificing the inherent lightweight nature of aluminum. , The FSP technique offers precise control over the composite’s microstructure and properties, making it a promising approach for tailoring materials to specific applications in industries ranging from aerospace to automotive and beyond …”