Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments

Zegeer, Charles V.; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Lan, Bo; Carter, Daniel; Smith, Sarah; Sundstrom, Carl; Thirsk, Nathan J.; Zegeer, John; Lyon, Craig; Ferguson, Erin; Houten, Ron Van

doi:10.17226/24627

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, research has often measured the effectiveness of advance stop lines by looking at yielding distance as a proxy measure for multiple-threat risk (13)(14)(15)(16). A similar safety benefit has been indicated with driving simulator research (17,18), and advance stop and yield markings are associated with a crash modification factor (19). The present work employs direct observation of driver behavior and finds that the presence of advance stop lines is associated with reduced multiple-threat passing percentage, providing converging evidence of their safety benefits when it comes to multiple-threat scenarios.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Effective Interventions to Reduce Multiple-Threat Conflicts and Improve Pedestrian Safety

Morris

Craig

Houten

2020

Transportation Research Record

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When a driver stops for a pedestrian, the pedestrian may be struck by a second driver traveling in the same direction of travel in the next lane, a scenario known as a multiple-threat crash. Prior studies primarily focused on yielding distance as a proxy measure for measuring multiple-threat risk. This paper details a multifaceted high visibility enforcement program with an emphasis on reducing multiple-threat risks to pedestrians, by directly measuring observed multiple-threat passing at unsignalized, marked crosswalks. The objective of the study was to increase driver compliance with crosswalk laws and reduce multiple-threat passing. The second objective of the study was to determine which other factors are predictive of multiple-threat passing rates. At 16 selected sites, coders observed driver behavior with special attention given to any drivers who passed a stopped or yielding vehicle in the same direction of travel. For baseline measurements, multiple-threat passing was observed at 11.86% of crossings. After sustained education, enforcement, and engineering efforts across several months, not only did driver yielding rates improve, but multiple-threat passing declined to 3.17% at the end of the program. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that advance stop lines are directly associated with fewer multiple-threat passes and that higher speeds are associated with more multiple-threat passes. This finding demonstrates the efficacy of this intervention approach not only on increasing yielding for pedestrians but also for reducing the risk of multiple-threat crashes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Gómez and colleagues ( 18 ) also showed that advance yield markings partially mitigate multiple-threat scenarios between vehicles and pedestrians. A recent study has found that advance stop/yield markings are associated with reducing crashes by 25% and have a positive crash modification factor of 0.75 ( 19 ).…”

Section: Multiple-threat Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Interventions to Reduce Multiple-Threat Conflicts and Improve Pedestrian Safety

Morris

Craig

Houten

2020

Transportation Research Record

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“…A follow‐up study examined the combined and individual effects of each component in the treatment package and found that advanced yield markings alone (1) were more effective than the sign alone, (2) were as effective as the markings plus sign in reducing conflicts between pedestrians and motorists, and (3) increased yielding distance (Huybers et al, 2004). These relatively simple countermeasures were associated with an 11% reduction in the total number of crashes, and a 36% reduction in pedestrian crashes at treated locations (Zegeer et al, 2017).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Examining generalization of motorist yielding at an adjacent crosswalk with variations of the gateway sign configuration

Hochmuth

Crowley-Koch

Houten

2020

J of App Behav Analysis

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The gateway sign configuration has been effective at increasing motorist yielding and reducing speeds at crosswalks. A gateway configuration uses in-street signs at a crosswalk on each edge of the roadway and on each lane line. Although this intervention is effective at increasing motorist yielding at uncontrolled crosswalks, the limits of the intervention have yet to be tested. The present study examined if 1) the effects of the gateway intervention on one crosswalk would generalize to an untreated adjacent crosswalk, and 2) if the effects of an offset configuration of signs which partially treated each crosswalk could maximize the effects of that generalization. Experiment 1 showed that less yielding occurred at the untreated crosswalk than at the treated crosswalk, though yielding was higher than baseline. In Experiment 2, results showed that an offset gateway configuration could produce comparable levels of yielding at both crosswalks.

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“…Thus evaluations conducted over a wider region and over a longer time period are needed to obtain an adequate sample size to develop crash modification factors (CMFs) or crash modification functions (CMFunctions) that can provide guidance as to the most effective pedestrian crossing treatments to use. NCHRP Project 17-56 sought to develop CMFs for selected pedestrian crossing treatments for various traffic and roadway conditions to the extent possible (2). Initially, eight treatments were considered, but it was not possible to find a sufficient sample of sites for all of these treatments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The next section describes the known research literature on these treatments and is followed by details on data, analysis, results, recommendations, and limitations. Further details about the study are available in Zegeer et al (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments

Zegeer

Lyon²,

Srinivasan

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Record

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The objective of this study was to develop crash modification factors for four treatment types: rectangular rapid-flashing beacon (RRFB), pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB), pedestrian refuge island (RI), and advance yield or stop markings and signs (AS). From 14 cities throughout the United States, 975 treatment and comparison sites were selected. Most of the treatment sites were selected at intersections on urban, multilane streets, because these locations present a high risk for pedestrian crashes and are where countermeasures typically are needed most. For each treatment site, relevant data were collected on the treatment characteristics, traffic, geometric, and roadway variables, and the pedestrian crashes and other crash types that occurred at each site. Cross-sectional regression models and before–after empirical Bayesian analysis techniques were used to determine the crash effects of each treatment type. All four of the treatment types were found to be associated with reductions in pedestrian crash risk, compared with the reductions at untreated sites. PHBs were associated with the greatest reduction of pedestrian crash risk (55% reduction), followed by RRFBs (47% reduction), RIs (32% reduction), and AS (25% reduction). The results for RRFBs had their basis in a limited sample and must be used with caution.

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Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments

Cited by 15 publications

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Effective Interventions to Reduce Multiple-Threat Conflicts and Improve Pedestrian Safety

Effective Interventions to Reduce Multiple-Threat Conflicts and Improve Pedestrian Safety

Examining generalization of motorist yielding at an adjacent crosswalk with variations of the gateway sign configuration

Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments

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