Development of comfortable and well-fitted bra pattern for customized female soft body armor through 3D design process of adaptive bust on virtual mannequin

Abtew, Mulat Alubel; Bruniaux, Pascal; Boussu, François; Loghin, Carmen; Cristian, Irina; Yan, Chao

doi:10.1016/j.compind.2018.04.004

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…More recent studies have investigated the use of 3D scanning techniques and 3D weaving to create better formed and shaped armours (Abtew et al, 2018) (Abtew et al, 2017) (Cichocka et al, 2014) (Mahbub et al, 2014) (Boussu and Bruniaux, 2012). However, this research has not significantly influenced the design and development of female body armour since it was introduced into the UK in the late 1990s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breast size and bra type on comfort for UK female police officers wearing body armour

et al. 2020

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Within the Police service of England and Wales the wearing of ballistic and stab resistant body armour is common, with most police forces mandating its usage when away from the police station. Of all the serving police officers in England and Wales 29.1% are female (Hargreaves et al., 2017). A survey was developed and then distributed by the Police Federation of England and Wales to all servicing police officers up to the rank of Inspector. The survey returned 2633 responses after cleaning of the data. From the responses it was seen that the predominant bra type worn is underwired (71%) and the predominant UK bra size is 34B (9%). It was also determined that the predominant areas where the body armour either rubbed or caused discomfort were the left and right anterior mammary regions and the posterior lateral sacral region. By understanding the distribution of bra size, type of bra worn and areas of discomfort or rubbing it helps further understand the issues faced by female police officers and how body armour design could be improved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breast size and bra type on comfort for UK female police officers wearing body armour

et al. 2020

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“…Delamination of the moulded layers in the target panels during impact: Apart from using in 3D-shaped composite components, material mouldability is an important parameter in the designing of seamless women body armour through dome-formation. Such a manufacturing process could ultimately give better fitness, comfort and greater ballistic protection [9,54]. Laminating of the different layers using different mechanisms such as stitching is commonly used in armour panel design which could affect both ballistic performance [40,55] and mouldability of the final targets [56].…”

Section: Fabric Panel Surface Failure Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mentioned method mainly helps to develop the required body and bust shape without cutting and stitching of the ballistic materials. This would keep the continuity of the fibre throughout the material, by in turn, gave both an appropriate ballistic protection and better fit with proper comfort [9–12]. However, in order to apply such design approaches on the female body armour design, the ballistic materials should preserve good shaping ability properties without compromising its ballistic performance to fit the intended shape while moulding process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications

Abtew

Boussu

Bruniaux

et al. 2019

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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This paper investigates the influences of woven fabric type, impact locations and number of layers on ballistic impact performances of target panels through trauma dimension and panel surface damage mechanisms for lightweight women ballistic vest design. Three panels with 30, 35 and 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave and another two panels with 30 and 40 layers of three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics were prepared. The three-dimensional woven fabric was manufactured using automatic Dornier weaving machine, whereas the two-dimensional fabric (with similar p-aramid fibre type (Twaron®)) was received from the Teijin Company. The ballistic tests were carried out according to NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA. Based on the result, woven fabric construction type, number of layers and target locations were directed an upshot on the trauma measurement values of the tested target panels. For example, 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave fabric panels show lower trauma measurement values as compared to its counterpart three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels with similar layer number. Moreover, 40 layers of two-dimensional fabric panels revealed 47% and 39% trauma depth reduction as compared to panels with 30 layers of two-dimensional fabric panel in moulded (target point 1) and non-moulded (target point 6), respectively. Due to higher amount of primary yarn involvement, two-dimensional plain weave fabric panel face higher level of local surface damages but less severe and fibrillated yarns than three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics panels. Moreover, three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels required higher number of layers compared to two-dimensional plain weave aramid fabrics to halt the projectiles. Similarly, based on the post-mortem analysis of projectile, higher projectile debris deformation was recorded for panels having higher number of layers for both types of fabrics at similar target locations.

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“…Nowadays, both high-speed projectile advancements and higher demands of body armor put pressure on body armor developers, researchers, and manufacturers for a better and progressive improvement of the ballistic protection system not only using appropriate designing techniques but also developing proper materials [2]. Besides, unlike the male, the developments of soft body armor for female working in the various vulnerable areas demands body armor developed with a very highly technical designing skill not only for better ballistic protection but also to accommodate their curvilinear upper torso for better comfort and fitness [3][4][5][6][7]. However, achieving proper female soft body armor not only needs a unique panel design technique but also appropriate material that is moldable, reasonably light in weight, and comfortable without compromising its ballistic performance toward projectile penetration [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development

et al. 2020

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This paper investigates the effects of warp yarns ratios on the ballistic performances of three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock variants with different binding and stuffer warp yarns ratios were designed and developed. Except for warp yarns ratios, similar fabric parameters and manufacturing conditions were considered. Two-dimensional (2D) woven fabric having similar material characteristics and recommended for female seamless soft body armor are also considered for comparisons. Five ballistic panels, one from 2D plain weave fabric and the rest four from the other 3D warp interlock variants were prepared in a non-angled layer alignment and non-stitched but bust-shaped molded form. The ballistic test is carried out according to NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard-level IIIA. Back Face Signature (BFS) was then modeled and measured to compute both trauma and panels’ energy-absorbing capability. The result showed significant ballistic improvement in the 3D warp interlock variant with optimum warp yarns ratios over traditional 2D plain weave fabrics. 3D warp interlock fabric panel made with 66.6% binding and 33.3% stuffer warp yarn ratio revealed both lower BFS depth and higher energy absorbing capacity (%) than other panels made of 2D plain weave and 3D warp interlock fabric variants.

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Development of comfortable and well-fitted bra pattern for customized female soft body armor through 3D design process of adaptive bust on virtual mannequin

Cited by 36 publications

References 31 publications

The effect of breast size and bra type on comfort for UK female police officers wearing body armour

The effect of breast size and bra type on comfort for UK female police officers wearing body armour

Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications

Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development

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