Development of Cold Tolerance in White Clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>L.) in Relation to Carbohydrate and Free Amino Acid Content

Rosnes, Kirsti; Junttila, Olavi; Ernstsen, Arild; Sandli, Nina

doi:10.1080/09064719309411233

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Comparable minimal levels of TNC in the stolons (9-15 %) have been found in other experiments (Scheidegger and N6sberger, 1984;Frankow-Lindberg et al, 1997). A positive correlation between the carbohydrate status of stolons and frost hardiness or winter survival has also been observed under other conditions (Rosnes et al, 1993;Collins and Rhodes, 1995;Turner and Pollock, 1998).…”

Section: Leaf Area During Winter and Grass Competition Key Factors For Overwintering And Regrowth In Springsupporting

confidence: 80%

Leaf Area, Competition with Grass, and Clover Cultivar: Key Factors to Successful Overwintering and Fast Regrowth of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Spring

et al. 2001

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The greater sensitivity of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to low temperature compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a major problem in sustaining the relative contributions to yield of the two species in mixed swards. The objectives of this investigation were to examine the dynamics of leaf development of two white clover cultivars, AberHerald and Grasslands Huia, under field conditions, and to determine the significance of leaf area in winter, and of competition by perennial ryegrass, for the overwintering and regrowth of white clover in spring. Undefoliated white clover plants developed 3-8-6.6 new leaves between late autumn and early spring, and stolon dry matter and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) content increased by 262 and by 68 % respectively. In contrast, white clover plants that were defoliated frequently during the winter showed a 28 % decrease in stolon dry matter and an 82 % decrease in the content of TNC. Frequent defoliation in winter caused severe reduction in the rates of emergence of nodes (by 60 %) and of buds (by 67 %), and the rate of death of nodes and buds increased by a factor of 10, leading to small stolon systems of individual plants in spring. Competition had similar, but weaker, effects to those of winter defoliation, presumably caused by shading of white clover leaves. AberHerald had a higher cumulative leaf emergence (by 22 %), a higher mean leaf number (by 23 %), a higher stolon DM (by 36 %) and a higher TNC content per plant (by 115 %) than Grasslands Huia. Results demonstrate the crucial positive role of leaf area during winter, the negative effect of grass competition, and the importance of the clover cultivar, for the overwintering and subsequent spring regrowth of white clover.

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Section: Leaf Area During Winter and Grass Competition Key Factors For Overwintering And Regrowth In Springsupporting

confidence: 80%

Leaf Area, Competition with Grass, and Clover Cultivar: Key Factors to Successful Overwintering and Fast Regrowth of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Spring

et al. 2001

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“…El amplio predominio de tejido parenquimático conteniendo almidón en la raíz principal de Pfaffia gnaphalioides (Fig. 7) podría estar facilitando el rápido rebrote en primavera (Baur Höch et al 1990;Rosnes et al 1993). Asimismo el desarrollo de una raíz con alta proporción de parénquima y elementos vasculares inmersos en él, concuerda con lo expresado por Esau (1985) quién relaciona la presencia de estructuras inusuales en raíz con acumulación de reservas.…”

Section: Resultados Y Discusiónunclassified

“…La presencia de carbohidratos en raíces puede estar también relacionada con la tolerancia al frío permitiendo la sobrevivencia en el invierno cuando muere la parte aérea y el consiguiente rebrote en primavera (Baur Höch et al 1990;Rosnes et al 1993). Canny (1998) sostiene que la presencia de almidón en el parénquima podría favorecer la absorción de agua por parte de la raíz.…”

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Crecimiento secundario inusual en raíz principal de Pfaffia gnaphalioides (L. Fil.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae)

Grosso

2007

Acta Bot. Bras.

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RESUMEN -(Crecimiento secundario inusual en raíz principal de Pfaffia gnaphalioides (L. Fil.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae)). Raíces de Pfaffia se comercializan como "ginseng brasilero" y extractos crudos de raíces de Pfaffia glomerata tienen actividad analgésica y desinflamatoria. Pfaffia gnaphalioides es herbácea perenne y crece en el área serrana del sur de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el crecimiento secundario inusual en raíz principal de Pfaffia gnaphalioides. Se estudió en invernáculo la forma de crecimiento durante los dos primeros años relacionando la parte aérea y subterránea. Se realizaron calicatas in situ para analizar el sistema radical. La raíz principal desarrolla raíces laterales, plagiótropas, con yemas que forman brotes aéreos de innovación. En cortes transversales de raíz principal se observa desarrollo secundario inusual. Un meristema lateral produce corteza secundaria hacia afuera y tejido conjuntivo y una sucesión de cambia vascular hacia adentro. Cuando cada cambium vascular es producido, el meristema lateral que se encuentra hacia afuera de éste tiende a permanecer quiescente, retornando a la actividad cuando el cambium vascular interno a éste permanece menos activo. Los cordones vasculares secundarios están dispuestos en anillos concéntricos sin radios parenquimáticos. La presencia de abundante parénquima conteniendo almidón en la estructura inusual de raíz en Pfaffia gnaphalioides, constituye una buena adaptación a condiciones xéricas. Palabras claves:Pfaffia gnaphalioides, Amaranthaceae, raíces gemíferas, cambia adicionales, lateral meristem ABSTRACT -(Secondary and unusual growth in main root of Pfaffia gnaphalioides (L. Fil.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae)). Pfaffia roots have been commercialized as "brazilian ginseng" and crude extracts of Pfaffia glomerata roots have analgesic and disinflamatory activity. Pfaffia gnaphalioides is a perennial herb and grows in southern Córdoba, Argentina. The objective of this work is to analyze root systems in Pfaffia gnaphalioides. Growth of above and belowground organs was observed for two years in a greenhouse. Belowground organs were analyzed in situ in hillcountry shrublands, by digging soil pits. The root system is characterized by presence of a main root and superficial plagiotropic lateral roots. Lateral roots show renewal buds that give rise to new aerial innovation shoots. Unusual secondary growth is observed in the main root. A lateral meristem produces secondary cortex to the outside and conjuntive tissue and a succesion of vascular cambia to the inside. As each vascular cambium is produced, the lateral meristem outside it tends to become quiescent, returning to activity when the vascular cambium internal to it has become less active. Secondary vascular strands are arranged in concentric rings without rays. The presence of abundant parenchyma containing starch in unusual structure of Pfaffia gnaphalioides, constitutes an adaptation to xeric conditions.

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“…proline), quaternary amines (e.g. betaine) and polyamines (Kacperska-Palacz 1978, Rosnes et al 1993, Sakai and Larcher 1987. These compounds may enhance the freezing resistance either by increasing the osmotic value of the cell sap, resulting in a lowering of the freezing point and a possible avoidance of freeze-induced cell dehydration , or by acting as cryoprotectants, thus protecting the biomembranes against freeze desiccation , Crowe et al 1990, Lineberger and Steponkus 1980, Santarius andGiersch 1983).…”

Section: Physiological and Biochemical Changes During Cold Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of winter cereals to various winter stress factors - inter- and intraspecific variation and the role of cold acclimation

Hömmö

1994

AFSci

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This work was undertaken to study the inter and intraspecies variation in winterhardiness of overwintering cereal species and to find out the reasons for this variation. The studied 24 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 13 rye (Secale cereale L.), 5 triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and 11 barley (Hordeum vulgäre L.) cultivars differed highly significantly from each other in winter survival ability determined in field trials during 1989-1992 at six locations in Finland and at altogether 17 locations in all the Nordic countries. The Field Survival Indexes of cultivars were determined, too. Rye was the most winter hardy species followed by winter wheat, triticale and barley. Since field trials often fail to screen the resistance of plants to specific winter stress factors, such as frost or snow mould, laboratory tests were used to study these factors. On the basis of the results it could be concluded that, during cold acclimation, sugars and proline are accumulated, and the fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane lipid fractions is changed. Cold acclimation enhances frost resistance and general winterhardiness of overwintering cereals, but part of the snow mould (Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallet) resistance may be induced without low temperature treatment. Thus, different resistance mechanisms may be controlling frost and snow mould resistance. The results of this study suggest that general winterhardiness of overwintering species could be enhanced by screening separately resistance mechanisms of plants to various specific winter stress factors and combining these into new cultivars.

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Development of Cold Tolerance in White Clover (Trifolium repensL.) in Relation to Carbohydrate and Free Amino Acid Content

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Leaf Area, Competition with Grass, and Clover Cultivar: Key Factors to Successful Overwintering and Fast Regrowth of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Spring

Leaf Area, Competition with Grass, and Clover Cultivar: Key Factors to Successful Overwintering and Fast Regrowth of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Spring

Crecimiento secundario inusual en raíz principal de Pfaffia gnaphalioides (L. Fil.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae)

Resistance of winter cereals to various winter stress factors - inter- and intraspecific variation and the role of cold acclimation

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