Development of Cold Agglutinin to Chicken Red Blood Cells in Mycoplasma synoviae Infection

Sp, Sahu; No, Olson

doi:10.2307/1589452

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…However, attempts to analyze the humoral immune response of pigs to M. suis have been impeded by the poor sensitivities and specificities of current antibody assays, which comprise the complement fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination assay, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (2,12,25,26,27,28). Serodiagnostic assays described so far have the intrinsic disadvantage of employing complex and undefined M. suis antigens obtained from the peripheral blood of experimentally infected pigs.Analogous to M. pneumoniae respiratory infection in humans as well as M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum infections in chickens, M. suis is capable of transiently inducing in swine the expression of cold-reactive antierythrocyte autoantibodies known as cold agglutinins (CA) (21,24,33). CA are of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype and are directed against carbohydrate antigens expressed on the erythrocyte surface (7,21,33).…”

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“…Analogous to M. pneumoniae respiratory infection in humans as well as M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum infections in chickens, M. suis is capable of transiently inducing in swine the expression of cold-reactive antierythrocyte autoantibodies known as cold agglutinins (CA) (21,24,33). CA are of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype and are directed against carbohydrate antigens expressed on the erythrocyte surface (7,21,33).…”

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Mycoplasma suisAntigens Recognized during Humoral Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Pigs

Hoelzle

Ritzmann

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Today, serodiagnostic tests for Mycoplasma suis infections in pigs have low accuracies. The development of novel serodiagnostic strategies requires a detailed analysis of the humoral immune response elicited by M. suis and, in particular, the identification of antigenic proteins of the agent. For this study, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analyses were performed using pre-and sequential postinoculation sera from M. suis-infected and mock-infected control pigs. M. suis purified from porcine blood served as the antigen. Eight M. suis-specific antigens (p33, p40, p45, p57, p61, p70, p73, and p83) were identified as targets of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response during experimental infection, with p40, p45, and p70 being the preferentially recognized M. suis antigens. Besides the M. suis-specific antigens, porcine immunoglobulins were identified in blood-derived M. suis preparations. By immunoglobulin depletion, the specificity of the M. suis antigen for use in indirect ELISA was significantly improved. M. suis-specific Western blot and ELISA reactions were observed in all infected pigs by 14 days postinfection at the latest and until week 14, the end of the experiments. During acute clinical attacks of eperythrozoonosis, a derailment of the antibody response, determined by decreases in both the M. suis net ELISA values and the numbers of M. suis-specific immunoblot bands, was accompanied by peaking levels of autoreactive IgG antibodies. In conclusion, the M. suis-specific antigens found to stimulate specific IgG antibodies are potentially useful for the development of novel serodiagnostic tests.Mycoplasma suis (formerly Eperythrozoon suis) belongs to a group of hemotrophic bacteria which have recently been reclassified within the genus Mycoplasma (16,17,18,19,22,29). M. suis is an epicellular hemoparasite that attaches to and causes deformity and damage to porcine erythrocytes (32). The resulting disease, traditionally called porcine eperythrozoonosis (PE), has been reported worldwide and is considered a problem of feeder pigs, where it manifests as a febrile acute icteroanemia with low morbidity and high mortality (8). Chronic low-grade M. suis infections vary from asymptomatic infections to a range of clinical conditions, including (i) anemia, mild icterus, and general unthriftiness in newborns, (ii) growth retardation in feeder pigs, and (iii) poor reproductive performance in sows (3,8,34). Moreover, M. suis is suspected of suppressing the host's immune response, leading to an increased proneness to infection with other infectious agents of porcine respiratory and enteric diseases (33).The lack of an in vitro cultivation system is the crucial barrier to systematic analyses of the biology of M. suis as well as the development of valuable diagnostic procedures for, e.g., the accurate assessment of the prevalence and significance of M. suis in pig populations (5,20). Hitherto, laboratory diagnosis of M. suis usually relies on the microscopic examination of chemically stai...

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Mycoplasma suisAntigens Recognized during Humoral Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Pigs

Hoelzle

Ritzmann

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Rheumatoid factors have been reported in both natural and experimental mycoplasmal infections (26,37), but they have been seen in uninfected birds as well (12). Cold agglutinins may appear in M. synoviae-infected turkeys (32), but the significance of this is unclear.…”

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The Hemagglutination-Positive Phenotype ofMycoplasma synoviaeInduces Experimental Infectious Synovitis in Chickens More Frequently than Does the Hemagglutination-Negative Phenotype

et al. 1998

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Inoculation with hemagglutination-positive (HA+) cultures of Mycoplasma synoviae AAY-4 induced acute synovitis significantly more frequently (P = 0.001) in chicken tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joints than did inoculation with HA-negative (HA−) cultures derived from the same clone of AAY-4. Immunoblotting analyses showed that HA+ cultures abundantly expressed two phase-variable hemadherence-associated surface membrane proteins of 53 kDa and 48 to 50 kDa defined by monoclonal antibodies. HA− cultures lacked the 53-kDa proteins and synthesized truncated 27- to 30-kDa forms of the 48- to 50-kDa proteins. Inoculation of cyclosporin A (CsA) into infected joints significantly decreased the frequency of acute synovitis (P = 0.001). Moreover, repeated intra-articular inoculation of CsA (three doses of 1 mg at 2-day intervals) significantly reduced the local antibody response to M. synoviae in the joints treated with CsA.

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“…In humans, Mycoplasma , parvovirus B19, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, and varicella zoster virus infections and syphilis can cause CAD [ 13 ]. Mycoplasma infection is also known to cause CAD in non-human animals, including chimpanzees, horses, dogs, chickens, and swine [ 3 , 12 , 18 , 19 , 22 ]. Mycoplasma spp.…”

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A case of cold agglutinin disease in a bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>)

TAKUBO,

SHIRAKATA

2023

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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Cold agglutinin disease, one of the serological classifications of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, is caused by the production of autoantibodies that react with erythrocytes at low temperatures. A captive bottlenose dolphin presented with regenerative and hemolytic anemia. Anticoagulated whole blood was agglutinated at room temperature (approximately 18°C), with reversal of agglutination on warming to 37°C, indicating the presence of cold agglutinin. Based on these findings, this animal was diagnosed with cold agglutinin disease. Clindamycin, doxycycline, and prednisolone were administered orally to treat the infection and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Anemia gradually improved after initiation of pharmacotherapy, and erythrogenesis slowed as erythroblasts disappeared and reticulocyte count decreased in peripheral blood. This represents the first report of cold agglutinin disease in a cetacean.

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Development of Cold Agglutinin to Chicken Red Blood Cells in Mycoplasma synoviae Infection

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Mycoplasma suisAntigens Recognized during Humoral Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Pigs

Mycoplasma suisAntigens Recognized during Humoral Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Pigs

The Hemagglutination-Positive Phenotype ofMycoplasma synoviaeInduces Experimental Infectious Synovitis in Chickens More Frequently than Does the Hemagglutination-Negative Phenotype

A case of cold agglutinin disease in a bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>)

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