Development of coastal cities and agglomerations: pressure and impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems

Abstract

Coastal areas around the world are highly affected by human settlements, due to economic activities and land-use changes. Population growth has increased pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems, leading to their degradation, loss of ecosystem services, and human wellbeing. The main objective on this work is to study the main impacts of coastal development on coastal and marine ecosystems. We analysed the growth of coastal cities and agglomerations (CCAs) with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) during 1945-2014. The analysis targeted the number of CCAs, and their corresponding populations. CCAs located in specific physiographic units, e.g., bays, estuaries or deltas, as well as CCAs located in vulnerable coastal and marine ecosystems, e.g., mangroves and coral reefs. Using remote sensing data and regional mapping, it was possible to identify physiographic units and ecosystems, which are suffering higher pressure due to the urban development. The results of this study revealed the extent of urban development occurred on certain habitats in the coastal zone in LAC. Currently, 42% of CCAs are located in bays. In addition, the urban population associated with deltas and/or estuaries increased eight times during the last seven decades. The number of CCAs located near mangroves increase from 26 to 334 during the same period; while urban population near coral reefs increased 12 times during 1945-2014. The rapid urbanization process has important implications for integrated ecosystem management. It is necessary, therefore, to strengthen integrated coastal zone management in urbanized areas because of its connection to the services that coastal and marine ecosystems provide to population.

Fiscal Economic Instruments for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Coastal Marine Areas of the Yucatan Peninsula

“…However, the strategic importance of these areas is not always accompanied by management conditions that ensure their sustainability, which implies a degradation and loss of coastal ecosystems, a loss in the well-being of the local people associated with them, and an impact on coastal economic development [16,17]. This scenario would imply a greater impact on the countries that have a relatively more percentage of the population settled in coastal areas and is highly dependent economies of the coastal-marine areas, such as the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean [48,51].…”

“…However, there are few studies that have investigated how revenues generated by FEI are used or invested in coastal marine areas according to the objectives of the current public policies, especially when there are changes in development paradigms. Mexico's environmental policy changed with the incorporation of the Protocol of Nagoya that complements the Convention on Biological Diversity for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which has channeled actions all around the country, including fiscal instruments to promote conservation [16,17].…”

Building Resilience of Agglomerated Urban Settlements of Coastal Odesa Agglomeration

“…Кількість приморських міст та агломерацій в світі збільшилася в 4,5 рази з 1945 року (de Andres & Barragan, 2015). 88% приморських міст та агломерацій задіяні у портовому господарстві (мають портову інфраструктуру).…”