Development of clade-specific Symbiodinium primers for quantitative PCR (qPCR) and their application to detecting clade D symbionts in Caribbean corals

Correa, Adrienne M. S.; McDonald, M. Danielle; Baker, Andrew C.

doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1263-5

Cited by 75 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The samples were additionally analyzed using previously developed Clade B, C, and D specific realtime PCR primers designed to target differences in the rDNA (Correa et al 2009). This assay provides a greater level of sensitivity than PCR-DGGE for detecting the presence/absence of any low-level, background populations of Symbiodinium ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symbiodinium spp. in colonies of eastern Pacific Pocillopora spp. are highly stable despite the prevalence of low-abundance background populations

McGinley¹,

Aschaffenburg²,

Pettay³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…real-time PCR) have detected low-level, background symbiont populations that belong to a clade group different from the typical dominant symbiont (Loram et al 2007, Correa et al 2009, Silverstein et al 2012. These findings were used to infer that the potential of symbiont shuffling is higher than previously thought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Symbiodinium spp. in colonies of eastern Pacific Pocillopora spp. are highly stable despite the prevalence of low-abundance background populations

McGinley¹,

Aschaffenburg²,

Pettay³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…In late September, B1 Aiptasia was no longer detected in colonies where this symbiont occurred in abundance during the early recovery phase (figure 2b and electronic supplementary material, figure S1a). Quantitative PCR analyses of multiple independent samples from individual colonies (Correa et al 2009) were unable to detect these symbionts at background levels (data not shown).…”

Section: (F) Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Host–symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral–dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance

et al. 2010

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Mutualisms between reef-building corals and endosymbiotic dinoflagellates are particularly sensitive to environmental stress, yet the ecosystems they construct have endured major oscillations in global climate. During the winter of 2008, an extreme cold-water event occurred in the Gulf of California that bleached corals in the genus Pocillopora harbouring a thermally ‘sensitive’ symbiont, designated Symbiodinium C1b-c , while colonies possessing Symbiodinium D1 were mostly unaffected. Certain bleached colonies recovered quickly while others suffered partial or complete mortality. In most colonies, no appreciable change was observed in the identity of the original symbiont, indicating that these partnerships are stable. During the initial phases of recovery, a third species of symbiont B1 Aiptasia , genetically identical to that harboured by the invasive anemone, Aiptasia sp., grew opportunistically and was visible as light-yellow patches on the branch tips of several colonies. However, this symbiont did not persist and was displaced in all cases by C1b-c several months later. Colonies with D1 were abundant at inshore habitats along the continental eastern Pacific, where seasonal turbidity is high relative to offshore islands. Environmental conditions of the central and southern coasts of Mexico were not sufficient to explain the exclusivity of D1 Pocillopora in these regions. It is possible that mass mortalities associated with major thermal disturbances during the 1997–1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation eliminated C1b-c holobionts from these locations. The differential loss of Pocillopora holobionts in response to thermal stress suggests that natural selection on existing variation can cause rapid and significant shifts in the frequency of particular coral–algal partnerships. However, coral populations may take decades to recover following episodes of severe selection, thereby raising considerable uncertainty about the long-term viability of these communities.

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“…Previous studies employing variable molecular markers have shown that giant clams can harbor a mixture of Symbiodinium types (Rowan & Powers 1991, Baillie et al 2000a, as well as the present study). The bulk of recent research on Symbiodinium diversity is based on DGGE analysis of ITS2 rDNA, which has been suggested to be the most broadly applicable and appropriate marker for characterizing Symbiodinium diversity (LaJeunesse 2001, Correa et al 2009). Future applications of more sensitive molecular methods that are designed to identify Symbiodinium in low abundance (such as quantitative PCR) may re veal additional symbiont diversity within individual clams (Mieog et al 2007, Correa et al 2009).…”

Section: Mixed Symbiodinium Communities In Clam Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, rare types present at low abundance (up to 10 to 20% of the total symbiont population, depending on type) may not be detected by DGGE . Recent development of quantitative PCR primers for Symbiodinium enable sensitive detection of symbionts present in very low numbers, more so than is possible using PCR-DGGE (Mieog et al 2007, Correa et al 2009). Application of these techniques to giant clam-algal symbioses will increase our understanding of the utility of diverse symbionts in this system.…”

Section: Mixed Symbiodinium Communities In Clam Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Symbiodinium distribution in three giant clam species across the biodiverse Bird’s Head region of Indonesia

DeBoer¹,

Baker²,

Erdmann³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

110

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The formation and persistence of modern coral reefs depends largely on organisms that host dinoflagellate algal symbionts of the genus Symbiodinium. There are important ecological and physiological differences among Symbiodinium types, and many host species are able to associate with multiple types, which may facilitate adaptation to local environmental change. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS2) ribosomal DNA, we identified 11 Symbiodinium types belonging to clades A, C, and D in 250 host animals from 3 Tridacna species in eastern Indonesia. Individuals with multiple symbiont types were common: 42% of all clams had symbionts from multiple clades and 15% of all clams had multiple types from a single clade. T. crocea associated more often with clade C symbionts and less frequently with clade D symbionts. T. squamosa associated more frequently with clade D and less often with clade C symbionts. T. maxima did not preferentially associate with a particular Symbiodinium clade, but sample sizes were low. We used both satellite sea surface temperature and in situ recordings to characterize the thermal environment in the study area. Clams with clade C and D symbionts were located in areas with higher mean temperatures, while clams with clade A symbionts were in cooler areas. This is consistent with previous research indicating that clade C and D types may be more heat-tolerant than clade A. These results support the hypothesis that giant clams can associate with different symbiont types based on local environmental conditions. KEY WORDS: Symbiodinium · Tridacna spp. · Thermal tolerance · Climate change · Coral reef · IndonesiaResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Development of clade-specific Symbiodinium primers for quantitative PCR (qPCR) and their application to detecting clade D symbionts in Caribbean corals

Cited by 75 publications

References 29 publications

Symbiodinium spp. in colonies of eastern Pacific Pocillopora spp. are highly stable despite the prevalence of low-abundance background populations

Symbiodinium spp. in colonies of eastern Pacific Pocillopora spp. are highly stable despite the prevalence of low-abundance background populations

Host–symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral–dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance

Patterns of Symbiodinium distribution in three giant clam species across the biodiverse Bird’s Head region of Indonesia

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