____________________________________________ Richard L. Valentine ____________________________________________ Syed Mubeen ii To my best friends, my siblings, my parents. I would not be here without you. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, David Cwiertny, who has been my mentor, guide, and advocate throughout my undergraduate and graduate coursework and research. Thank you for your constant encouragement and patience with me as I struggled to come into my own as an engineer. You have been and continue to be an inspiration with your positivity and your outrageous work ethic. To all of my lab mates -