Development of Ceramic Filters for Household Water Treatment in Nigeria

Erhuanga, Ebele; Kashim, Isah Bolaji; Akinbogun, Tolulope Lawrence

doi:10.4236/adr.2014.21002

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The basic mechanism is the exclusion of particles larger than the mean pore size. The pore sizes are sometimes small enough to trap anything larger than a water molecule [9]. The performance of clay filters can be significantly improved by the use of burnout materials which increase flow rate by creating a network of pores and the use of bactericidal compounds for destruction of pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Nnaji¹,

Afangideh²,

Ezeh³

2016

Nig. J. Tech.

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Water borne diseases have remained a major challenge in most developing countries. This is usually as a result of lack of access to clean water and contamination associated with water fetching and conveyance. This work explores the possibility of improving water quality and eliminating the possibility of recontamination by the use of point of use (POU) water filters made from cheap locally available materials. The performance of POU water filters for the purification of water obtained from various sources was investigated. Sawdust was used as a burnout material in order to enhance the rate of filtration. The clay was first characterized and then various proportions (5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by weight) of sawdust were mixed with the clay for filter production. The clay was found to have a specific gravity of 2.4, a high liquid limit of 81.6% and a medium plastic limit of 48.54%. The flow rates of the filters ranged between 0.0005litres/hr for the filter with 5% sawdust and 0.8litres/hr for the filter with 50% sawdust. The average removal of suspended solids (SS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 98.6% and 33% respectively while the mean Log10 reduction in total count (TC) was 93.1%. Result of analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the performances of the filters. However, there was a significant difference between the flow rates with F(18.71) > F critical (5.14). This implies that while burnout materials improve water quality, increasing burnout materials in clay filters beyond 50% does not significantly affect the performance for the filter with respect to the quality of effluent but with respect to flow rate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Nnaji¹,

Afangideh²,

Ezeh³

2016

Nig. J. Tech.

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“…The materials were crushed and processed into dry powdered form. The clay constituted the base material in the clay body while saw dust and rice husks were used as the burnout materials to create more holes in the fired clay and also to possibly introduce activated carbon into the filter to serve as means for the absorption and removal of traces and heavy metals like sulphate and lead from water (Erhuanga et al, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Clay Filters for Water Treatment in Akutuase: A Rural Community in Western Region, Ghana

Asante-Kyei¹,

Adjorlolo-Gasokpoh²,

Otoo-Quayson³

2020

RJEES

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The purpose of this study was to compose clay filters made from local materials for the efficiency of water impurities removal for rural households. Clay filters were manufactured by using local materials: Akutuase clay, sawdust gathered from a sawmill unit, and rice husks from rice farmers at Akutuase. These materials were ground and sieved to obtain finer particle sizes, weighed, and proportionally wet mixed. Pots were then made, dried, and fired in a kiln at temperatures of 850, 900, and 950ºC, respectively. A silver coating was artificially applied to the fired filters using 0.1 mg/L of silver solution. Raw water fetched from a stream in Akutuase was filtered using the pots. The filtered water was tested for microbial removal efficiency of the composed clay filters at Ghana Water Company, Takoradi. It was revealed that compositions C380 and C480 made up of 80% clay, 15% rice husks and 5% sawdust that were fired at 900 and 950ºC respectively, became successful and suitable for water filtration. However, it was highly successful when the temperature was 950ºC due to comparatively the greater quantity of water that C480 was able to filter. The results suggested that the silver-impregnated ceramic filter constructed was highly efficient and effective in the removal of bacteria. It had been recommended among others that, as a measure to prevent water-borne diseases in Akuatuase, institutions should invest in setting up small scale ceramic industry in the community for mass-production of clay filters to serve the rural folks. Further studies should be extended to analyze the removal of other pathogens including viruses and protozoa for different water-quality conditions. Additionally, the long-term field performance of locally produced filters and their effects on human health must be investigated.

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“…A 450-g aliquot of the composites was loaded into a custom-made mold, and the ceramic filters were fabricated following a previously reported method. 13,14,31 The outer surfaces of the filters were smoothed over using a plastic scraper, and the filters were left to dry at room temperature (25°C) for 7 days. Thereafter, the filters were fired in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 200°C/h up to 900°C, and maintained at that temperature for 3 h to produce CFs.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Cfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defluoridation of drinking water using a ceramic filter decorated with iron oxide‐biochar composites

Mandoreba

Gwenzi

Chaukura

2021

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

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While effective defluoridation methods have been developed, most of them are expensive and difficult to apply at a household level. One safe, low-cost, decentralized water treatment method which is attracting research attention is the use of ceramic filters (CFs). Few studies have explored the use of biochar composites in CFs for defluoridation of water, with the bulk of them being based on batch and column experiments. The aim of this work was to develop, and evaluate a laboratory-scale, low-cost CF using clay, sawdust, and iron oxide-biochar (FBC) for fluoride removal in synthetic and real water samples. Three CFs were fabricated with varying FBC content (0%, 5%, and 10%). Water absorption, apparent porosity, and flow rate decreased with decreasing FBC content, while the impact strength increased with decreasing FBC content. The CFs reduced the fluoride concentration of both the ground water, and synthetic water to below the WHO recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). While further studies are required to optimize the CF, the results demonstrate that a CF decorated with FBC composites is effective for defluoridation of drinking water. K E Y W O R D Senvironmental remediation, iron-oxide biochar composite, porosity, water treatment How to cite this article: Mandoreba C, Gwenzi W, Chaukura N. Defluoridation of drinking water using a ceramic filter decorated with iron oxide-biochar composites.

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Development of Ceramic Filters for Household Water Treatment in Nigeria

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Composition of Clay Filters for Water Treatment in Akutuase: A Rural Community in Western Region, Ghana

Defluoridation of drinking water using a ceramic filter decorated with iron oxide‐biochar composites

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