Development of bryozoan fouling on cultivated kelp (Saccharina latissima) in Norway

Førde, Henny; Forbord, Silje; Handå, Aleksander; Fossberg, Julia; Arff, Johanne; Johnsen, Geir; Reitan, Kjell Inge

doi:10.1007/s10811-015-0606-5

Cited by 45 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Alternatively, the generally thicker lamina may suffer reduced breakage under the weight of fouling organisms. However, farmed S. latissima has been documented to become heavily fouled by bryozoans in Norway and Denmark with an average cover of 80% by August (Marinho et al 2015;Førde et al 2016). Consequently, we cannot assume that S. latissima is always less fouled than L. digitata.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…and Laminaria spp. degrade in late summer due to blade breakage and erosion in both wild and farmed kelp populations (Saunders and Metaxas 2008;Andersen et al 2011;Park and Hwang 2012;Zhang et al 2012;Peteiro and Freire 2013;Førde et al 2016). Increasing temperatures may lead to earlier and larger outbreaks of biofouling organisms such as bryozoans which accelerate decay and breakage (Saunders and Metaxas 2008;Scheibling and Gagnon 2009;Park and Hwang 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe biofouling reduces the value of kelp harvests as they cannot be used for human consumption. Management options for biofouling include shortening the harvest season, placing farms in more exposed sites or alternatively using the algal biomass in lower quality products (Park and Hwang 2012;Peteiro and Freire 2013;Førde et al 2016). To summarise, the size of individual blades is determined both by new tissue growth and loss through breakage and erosion; on balance the relative contribution of each force changes through the year leading to periods of net gain or loss in blade length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

et al. 2017

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The meristem of the kelps Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima is located at the base of the blade, growth can therefore continue when the distal blade is lost due to erosion or harvesting. The aim of the study was to determine the regrowth potential of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands (UK) to assess feasibility of harvesting twice in one growing season. Laminaria digitata and S. latissima grown on longlines at sea were sampled between March and August, and harvested either at the stipe (whole) or 10 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone (partial) May-August. Image analysis was used to estimate blade length, width, area and fouled area. S. latissima increased in length more than L. digitata between March and August, and in August, while whole S. latissima experienced a net loss in length, partially cut blades had a net increase. Whole blades significantly increased in length for both species but only partially cut S. latissima significantly regrew. In late summer, severe biofouling by tunicates made up 12 and 27% of the biomass at two sites. Interestingly, S. latissima was less fouled than L. digitata. Consequently, S. latissima shows the greatest potential for the application of partial cutting to improve cultivated biomass yields. However, the period for regrowth is limited by low yields in early spring and blade degradation in late summer. In order to optimise biomass yields, further understanding is needed on the abiotic and biotic factors that control growth and biofouling on natural and farmed seaweed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

et al. 2017

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“…In Norway, the presence of epiphytic invertebrates, especially bryozoans (e.g. Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa), but also blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), hydroids and fouling macroalgae has been reported for sugar kelp cultivated at sea during summer months (Forbord et al 2012;Handå et al 2013;Lüning and Mortensen 2015;Førde et al 2016). In worst case scenarios, such fouling may lead to extensive blade damage and loss of biomass or considerable quality deterioration.…”

Section: Epiphytes and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas, the diversity of associated organisms in natural kelps beds carries important ecological functions in coastal areas (Christie et al 2009), biofouling by epiphytes is a major constraint for the year-round cultivation of seaweed biomass, forcing producers to harvest in May-June, hence limiting the year-round seaweed cultivation at sea (Forbord et al 2012;Peteiro and Freire 2013;Førde et al 2016). Outbreaks of encrusting colonies of the bryozoan M. membranacea are the result of settlement of cyphonaut larvae, which are present in the water column of coastal area throughout the year (Ryland 1965;Saier and Chapman 2004) with a peak of abundance during the summer (Ryland 1965;Førde et al 2016). Larval recruitment and the extent of biofouling which may vary among cultivation sites, are linked to zooplankton population dynamics, influenced by a wide range of both biotic and abiotic factors including the temperature history and wave action (Saunders and Metaxas 2008).…”

Section: Epiphytes and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seaweed aquaculture in Norway: recent industrial developments and future perspectives

2017

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The use of cultivated seaweeds as a feedstock for multiple industrial applications has gained increasing interest in the Western World over the past decades. Norway has an extensive coastline and a well-established aquaculture sector offering suitable preconditions for developing large-scale cultivation of seaweed biomass both in monoculture and in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. Recent efforts from research, industry and public authorities have been committed to develop a Norwegian bio-economy based on cultivated seaweed, focusing on cultivation and processing of the biomass. This review reports on the status of seaweed aquaculture in Norway, supported by production data collected since the delivery of the first commercial cultivation permits at sea in 2014. Although novel product developments are currently limited, future industrial perspectives based on cultivated biomass are being discussed. Upscaling from experimental cultivation schemes to commercial production requires a thorough assessment of the risks and benefits associated with seaweed aquaculture, as well as the development of a regulative framework adapted to this industry. Issues associated with upscaling the macroalgal production that needs to be addressed includes (i) genetic interactions between cultivated and wild crops, (ii) impacts of seaweed cultivation on surrounding ecosystems, (iii) epiphytes and diseases, (iv) area utilization and (v) threats from climate change. Addressing these issues and adapting production practices will ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of an emerging industry based on cultivated seaweed biomass in Norway.

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The Plant Alkaloid Camptothecin as a Novel Antifouling Compound for Marine Paints: Laboratory Bioassays and Field Trials

Dai

Chen

et al. 2018

Mar Biotechnol

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The extensive use of copper and booster biocides in antifouling (AF) paints has raised environmental concerns and the need to develop new AF agents. In the present study, 18 alkaloids derived from terrestrial plants were initially evaluated for AF activity using laboratory bioassays with the bryozoan Bugula neritina and the barnacle Balanus albicostatus. The results showed that 4 of the 18 alkaloids were effective in inhibiting larval settlement of B. neritina, with an EC range of 6.18 to 43.11 μM, and 15 of the 18 alkaloids inhibited larval settlement of B. albicostatus, with EC values ranging from 1.18 to 67.58 μM. Field trials that incorporated five alkaloids respectively into paints with 20% w/w indicated an in situ AF efficiency of evodiamine, strychnine, camptothecin (CPT), and cepharanthine, with the most potent compound being CPT, which also exhibited stronger AF efficiency than the commercial antifoulants cuprous oxide and zinc pyrithione in the field over a period of 12 months. Further field trials with different CPT concentrations (0.1 to 20% w/w) in the paints suggested a concentration-dependent AF performance in the natural environment, and the effective concentrations to significantly inhibit settlement of biofoulers in the field were ≥ 0.5% w/w (the efficiency of 0.5% w/w lasted for 2 months). Moreover, CPT toxicity against the crustacean Artemia salina, the planktonic microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis galbana, was examined. The results showed that 24 h LC of CPT against A. salina was 20.75 μM, and 96 h EC (growth inhibition) values of CPT to P. tricornutum and I. galbana were 55.81 and 6.29 μM, respectively, indicating that CPT was comparatively less toxic than several commercial antifoulants previously reported. Our results suggest the novel potential application of CPT as an antifoulant.

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Development of bryozoan fouling on cultivated kelp (Saccharina latissima) in Norway

Cited by 45 publications

References 39 publications

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

Seaweed aquaculture in Norway: recent industrial developments and future perspectives

The Plant Alkaloid Camptothecin as a Novel Antifouling Compound for Marine Paints: Laboratory Bioassays and Field Trials

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