Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents—Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products

Zhang, Mengxun; Xiong, Yongai; Song, Xun; Li, Chenyang; He, Zhendan

doi:10.3390/v13071257

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Under immune deficiency or overactivity, herbs can also enhance or suppress the immune response and restore the immune system to a healthy state (34). Natural immune reactions of plant origin are more stable with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized immunomodulators (35,36), and more safe and effective natural immunomodulators should be developed to enhance the immunity against harmful chronic diseases, such as stress, obesity, ischemia, tuberculosis, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19 (37). American ginseng has received much attention in natural immunomodulator development because of its unique biological properties, such as antihypertensive (38), antioxidant (39), antitumor (40), antidiabetic, and cardiovascular disease prevention (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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This study aimed to clarify the effects of two processed forms of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice. In the CTX-induced immunosuppressive model, mice were given either steamed American ginseng (American ginseng red, AGR) or raw American ginseng (American ginseng soft branch, AGS) by intragastric administration. Serum and spleen tissues were collected, and the pathological changes in mice spleens were observed by conventional HE staining. The expression levels of cytokines were detected by ELISA, and the apoptosis of splenic cells was determined by western blotting. The results showed that AGR and AGS could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression through the enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased serum levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), as well as macrophage activities including carbon clearance and phagocytic index. AGR and AGS downregulated the expression of BAX and elevated the expression of Bcl-2, p-P38, p-JNK, and p-ERK in the spleens of CTX-injected animals. Compared to AGS, AGR significantly improved the number of CD4+CD8-T lymphocytes, the spleen index, and serum levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The expression of the ERK/MAPK pathway was markedly increased. These findings support the hypothesis that AGR and AGS are effective immunomodulatory agents capable of preventing immune system hypofunction. Future research may investigate the exact mechanism to rule out any unforeseen effects of AGR and AGS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…To further expand the number of potential patients that may benefit from TCMs, it is valuable to dig into the antiviral TCM resources for the actives with clear structures and mechanisms of action. Indeed, numerous immuno‐modulatory natural products, including small molecules, polysaccharides, peptides, and proteins, have been identified from TCMs as candidates or leads for the development of novel BSAs (reviewed in Zhang et al 77 ). In the future, it will be interesting to continue investigating the bidirectional immuno‐regulatory effects of antiviral TCMs and explore more valuable BSA agents.…”

Section: Traditional Chinese Medicines Provide An Empirical Approach ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paving new roads toward the advancement of broad‐spectrum antiviral agents

Du,

Achi,

Cui

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Broad‐spectrum antivirals (BSAs) have the advantageous property of being effective against a wide range of viruses with a single drug, offering a promising therapeutic solution for the largely unmet need in treating both existing and emerging viral infections. In this review, we summarize the current strategies for the development of novel BSAs, focusing on either targeting the commonalities during the replication of multiple viruses or the systemic immunity of humans. In comparison to BSAs that target viral replication, these immuno‐modulatory agents possess an expanded spectrum of antiviral activity. However, antiviral immunity is a double‐edged sword, and maintaining immune homeostasis ultimately dictates the health status of hosts during viral infections. Therefore, establishing an ideal goal for immuno‐modulation in antiviral interventions is crucial. Herein we propose a bionic approach for immuno‐modulation inspired by mimicking bats, which possess a more robust immune system for combating viral invasions, compared to humans. In addition, we discuss an empirical approach to treat diverse viral infections using traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), mainly through bidirectional immuno‐modulation to restore the disrupted homeostasis. Advancing our understanding of both the immune system of bats and the mechanisms underlying antiviral TCMs will significantly contribute to the future development of novel BSAs.

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“…There is no efficient drug, and the general research remains at the level of an anti-IPNV effect in cells outside the fish body, whereas the specific practical level in the fish body is inadequate. Moreover, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have certain toxic effects on cells, and many of them have become prohibited drugs [33]. It is recommended to develop effective control drugs, such as traditional herbal medicines, from a pollution-free perspective.…”

Section: Antiviral Effect Of Medicinal Plants In Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Medicinal Plants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients against Aquatic Pathogenic Viruses

Liao

Huang

Han

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human consumption, which can improve wellbeing. Viral diseases are the most serious type of diseases affecting aquatic animals and a major obstacle to the development of the aquaculture industry. In the background of antibiotic-free farming, the development and application of antibiotic alternatives has become one of the most important issues in aquaculture. In recent years, many medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients have been found to be effective in the treatment and prevention of viral diseases in aquatic animals. Compared with chemical drugs and antibiotics, medicinal plants have fewer side-effects, produce little drug resistance, and exhibit low toxicity to the water environment. Most medicinal plants can effectively improve the growth performance of aquatic animals; thus, they are becoming increasingly valued and widely used in aquaculture. The present review summarizes the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients against aquatic viruses. Furthermore, it also explains their possible mechanisms of action and possible implications in the prevention or treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture. This article could lay the foundation for the future development of harmless drugs for the prevention and control of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture.

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Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents—Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products

Cited by 9 publications

References 176 publications

American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways

American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways

Paving new roads toward the advancement of broad‐spectrum antiviral agents

Review of Medicinal Plants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients against Aquatic Pathogenic Viruses

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