Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: Biomaterial mediated neural regeneration

Abstract

Neural tissue repair and regeneration strategies have received a great deal of attention because it directly affects the quality of the patient's life. There are many scientific challenges to regenerate nerve while using conventional autologous nerve grafts and from the newly developed therapeutic strategies for the reconstruction of damaged nerves. Recent advancements in nerve regeneration have involved the application of tissue engineering principles and this has evolved a new perspective to neural therapy. The success of neural tissue engineering is mainly based on the regulation of cell behavior and tissue progression through the development of a synthetic scaffold that is analogous to the natural extracellular matrix and can support three-dimensional cell cultures. As the natural extracellular matrix provides an ideal environment for topographical, electrical and chemical cues to the adhesion and proliferation of neural cells, there exists a need to develop a synthetic scaffold that would be biocompatible, immunologically inert, conducting, biodegradable, and infection-resistant biomaterial to support neurite outgrowth. This review outlines the rationale for effective neural tissue engineering through the use of suitable biomaterials and scaffolding techniques for fabrication of a construct that would allow the neurons to adhere, proliferate and eventually form nerves.

Oriented, Multimeric Biointerfaces of the L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Approach to Enhance Neuronal and Neural Stem Cell Functions on 2-D and 3-D Polymer Substrates

“…A variety of materials of natural and synthetic origin, have been previously shown to promote adhesion, proliferation, neurite extension, and neuronal differentiation of neural cells in vitro and in vivo [26][27][28]. Synthetic polymer-based biomaterial scaffolds have the added advantage of controlled chemistries and mechanical properties [29,30], while enabling display or release of neurotrophic factors [31,32]. Of the various scaffold configurations proposed to date [27,28,30], electrospun polymer substrates have exhibited excellent neurogenic properties, due to their high surface area and porosity, and fibrous ECM-like geometries [33,34].…”

Nanofibers for High Efficiency Filtration

“…It has been discovered that earth added substance did not offer any advantage similarly as the mechanical properties of the meltblown web are concerned. Meltblown web tests with nanoclay had higher changeability in web structure, high air penetrability, high firmness, and lower mechanical properties [5,17].…”

“…Specifically, nanofibers provide marked increases in filtration efficiency at relatively small (and in some cases immeasurable) decreases in permeability. In numerous research center tests and genuine working situations, nanofiber channel media additionally show enhanced channel life and more contaminate holding capacity [5].…”

3D bioprinting for cell culture and tissue fabrication

“…Fortunately, 3D bioprinting, using suitable bioinks and autogenous cells to from a mimetic tissue construct, provides a promising solution in neural tissue repair and regeneration. An ideal neural bioink should meet numerous requirements including biocompatibility, biodegradability, suitable mechanical properties, electrical conductivity for neural communication, as well as permeability for exchange of nutrients and waste [102,103]. Moreover, the features of minimizing cell settling and aggregation and sustained release of nerve growth factor are also key elements for bioprinting of neural constructs.…”