Development of Biologically Defined Strains of Amphibians

Nace, George W.; Richards, Christina M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85791-1_35

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Renal tumors have been found in R. pipiens obtained from commercial sources (6) and in frogs collected from a number of localities in Minnesota (17,18,19,20,21,32), Milford, Michigan (33), and Vermont (34).…”

Section: Epidemiology: Geographic Distribution and Tumor Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-dependent metastasis of the Lucke renal carcinoma and its significance for studies on mechanisms of metastasis

McKinnell

Tarin

1984

Cancer Metast Rev

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Metastasis is temperature dependent in the renal adenocarcinoma of the North American leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Widespread, multiple, metastatic colonies occur in tumor-bearing frogs kept at 28 degrees C for 50 days while tumor-bearing frogs kept at 7 degrees C for 98 days or more have either no secondary deposits or they have only an occasional small metastatic nodule. An attractive aspect of the frog tumor is that invasion and metastasis can be permitted or inhibited by the manipulation of temperature alone-no exogenous chemicals or drugs are required for the effect. Because of this, biological variables which reproducibly and specifically associate with metastasis permissive conditions when ambient temperature is cycled between permissive and inhibitory values are strong candidates for being causal elements in the multistep process leading to metastasis. Intravascularly injected labelled renal tumor cells reached all organs studied in as little as 15 minutes at both metastasis restrictive and permissive temperature. The results with tumor cell inoculation dispose of the possibility that failure of metastasis in chilled animals is due to cold-induced changes in blood flow. Histologically typical metastatic colonies developed in frogs, kept at the permissive temperature, after injection with disaggregated tumor cells which were previously cryopreserved. Frog tumors elaborate type I collagenase in a temperature dependent manner. Type IV collagenase has been demonstrated as well. Tumor cell detachment in vitro, assembly and disassembly of tumor cell cytoplasmic microtubules, and invasion in vitro, are all temperature dependent.

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Section: Epidemiology: Geographic Distribution and Tumor Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-dependent metastasis of the Lucke renal carcinoma and its significance for studies on mechanisms of metastasis

McKinnell

Tarin

1984

Cancer Metast Rev

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“…With selection, this mode of reproduction would lead to the development of "congenic" strains. At present, the application of such an artificial breeding system to vertebrates has been successful only in amphibians (KAWAMURA 1939;KAWAMURA and NISHIOKA 1967;NACE and RICHARDS 1969;NACE, RICHARDS and ASHER 1970;MORIWAKI 1963), although PURDOM (1969, whose work was considered in NACE, RICHARDS and ASHER (1970), has attempted an application to fish and gives reference to others who have attempted it.…”

Section: Nace Richards and Asher (1970)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parthenogenesis and Genetic Variability. Ii. One-Locus Models for Various Diploid Populations

Asher¹

1970

Genetics

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ARTHENOGENESIS in the animal kingdom has been termed an "evolu-'tionary dead end". This view stems from the writings of DARLINGTON (1937), WHITE (1948) , SUOMALAINEN (1950) , and others who suggested that only two genetic consequences result from such a system of reproduction: (1) complete homozygosity; or ( 2 ) complete heterozygosity. These authors described the mechanisms presumed to yield these results for several parthenogenetic species; unfortunately, none of these descriptions utilized rigorous mathematics to analyze the genetic properties of parthenogenetic populations.The validity of the above hypotheses was challenged by CARSON (1967a) who suggested that automictic parthenogenetic reproduction can maintain heterozygosity. He stated that in those species of insects (Drosophila mangabeirai, Solenobia lichenella, Devorgilla canescens etc.) which can restore zygoidy either by inhibition of meiosis I or by central fusion, loci which are absolutely linked to the kinetochore could be maintained in a state of permanent heterozygosity. Furthermore, with the addition of chromosomal rearrangements, the amount of heterozygosity preserved in parthenogenetic species could be increased. Thus, he suggested heterozygosity could be maintained in these organisms by at least two mechanisms: (1 ) absolute linkage to the kinetochore; and (2) chromosomal rearrangement. WHITE (1970), reversing his previous views on heterogeneity in parthenogenetic animals, appears to take a position similar to that of CARSON (1967a) ; however, his arguments also lack mathematical rigor.The mathematics needed as a basis for students of natural parthenogenetic populations was developed in part in a previous study (NACE, RICHARDS and ASHER 1970) where a model based upon a mapping function was used to estimate gene-kinetochore distances and "inbreeding" in parthenogenetically produced frogs.* It was noted that although the linkage data were derived from artificial parthenogenetic reproductions, the analytical model should apply to all systems of parthenogenesis, natural or artificial, which restore zygoidy either by inhibition of meiosis I1 or by terminal fusion. Although the paper presented a mathe-1 Part of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Michigan Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies. a These investigations were supported by a National Institutes of Health Genetics Training Grant 5 TO1 GMOOO71-12, and in part by the National Science Foundation grant GB 8187, and by The University of Michigan Computing Center.* The term inbreeding does not truly apply to the parasexual process described here. No term exists which describes a system of reproduction leading t o increased homozygosity independent of the mechanism of reproduction. Rather than formulate a new term, we will use the term "inbreeding" in quotes when it relates specifically to parthenogenetic animals.

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“…A the same time, work with Rana pipiens demonstrated the acute skin graft rejection in gynogenetic families segregated into distinct classes, providing evidence for a major histocompatibility locus (Rotix & Volpe 1975). Despite the production of several partially inbred lines of Rana (Nace & Richards 1969), the work has never advanced (beyond skin grafting experiments) from the original experiments.…”

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confidence: 99%