Development of Biological Self-Cleaning Wound-Dressing Gauze for the Treatment of Bacterial Infection

Abstract

Microorganisms, dirt, and other air pollutants are major problems in textiles, which can generate an unpleasant odor during their growth. Herein, we have developed some novel antibacterial benzimidazolium-based dipodal ionic liquids that act as iron chelators, and they were loaded onto the wound-dressing gauze to enhance their antimicrobial properties for biomedical applications. The metal binding affinity of the synthesized ionic liquids was evaluated by UV–visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, which reveals its selectivity toward Fe (III) ion. It is well-established that almost all bacteria require Fe (III) for survival and growth. To compete successfully for this essential nutrient, bacteria developed very efficient Fe (III) uptake mechanisms based on high-affinity Fe (III) chelators, so-called siderophores. Thus, keeping this in mind, all the prepared ionic-liquid-based iron chelators have been evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacterial strains by colony forming unit (CFU) assay, and the MICs were determined by a broth microdilution method. The mechanism of action has also been explored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which reveals the bacterial cell wall deformity and cell wall rupturing that may lead to bacteria cell death. The most potent antibacterial compound, IL-3, was also investigated for its cytotoxicity against mammalian HeLa cell line and found to be nontoxic (IC50 > 100 μM). Further, the IL-3-coated wound-dressing gauze has been developed, fully characterized, and investigated against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the IL-3-coated gauze was also evaluated for its hemostatic potential, and results reveal that the developed gauze shortens the time period required for blood clotting in comparison to simple dressing gauze and pledget that are commonly used in clinics. Thus, the potential antibacterial and hemostatic results exhibited by developed IL-3-coated gauze make it a useful tool that can be used in wards, ICU, and particularly, by military persons in war front areas.

Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids in Biomedicine

“…The chelating “arms” allow for IL entrapment of Fe 3+ near the cell surface, preventing cellular uptake, which leads to cell death caused by iron deficiency. [ 206 ] Interestingly, the addition of metal ions can also be used with ILs to cause bacterial cell death. Ferrocene [ 191 ] and zinc/copper [ 201 ] containing ionic liquids and poly‐IL membranes allow for the generation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative damage to bacterial cell walls.…”

Advances in Injectable and Self‐healing Polysaccharide Hydrogel Based on the Schiff Base Reaction

“…[54] Common wound dressings such as gauzes, the electrospun nanofibers, and the biocompatible films are all prepared prior to application and so are hard to yield or maintain full contact with irregular wound surfaces, thus resulting in unsatisfactory remedy effects. [132][133][134][135][136] Another need for wound dressings, in particular, is their tolerance to any mechanical forces from physical activity, especially from the persistent and frequent moving of the body and organs such as the joint flexion and extension at ankles, knees, and wrists as well as heart beating. Obviously, in situ formed self-healing hydrogels fully meet these requirements.…”

Synthesis of photothermal antimicrobial cotton gauze using AuNPs as photothermal transduction agents

“…Compared with other PTAs, AuNPs are easy to prepare, 38 and the light sources of AuNPs used for PTT could be visible light, which are easier to attain. In addition, compared with other methods reported to synthesis antimicrobial cotton gauzes, [11][12][13][14][15][16] the immersing and heating procedure used to synthesis AuNPs modied cotton gauzes is easy to operate. What's more, only a short treatment time of 40 s was needed to fully kill the microbial cells permeated in the cotton gauze, making the therapy extremely efficient.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10] There are two basic methods to enhance the antimicrobial ability of cotton gauze: one is the chemical method, and the other is the physical method. The chemical method is incorporating antimicrobial agents, such as an antimicrobial drug, 11 metal component, 12,13 antimicrobial peptide, 8 polycation, 14 or ionic liquid 15 to enhance the antimicrobial ability. Xiang et al 12 used mussel-inspired catechol/amino chemistry to immobilize zwitterionic AgNPs on cotton gauze, and the sustained release of Ag + could give the modied cotton gauze excellent bactericidal activity.…”