Development of biological metal–organic frameworks designed for biomedical applications: from bio-sensing/bio-imaging to disease treatment

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are built by various organic ligands and metal ions (or clusters). With properties of high porosity, tunable chemical composition, and potential for post-synthetic modification, they have been...

Porous organic–inorganic hybrid materials for catalysis, energy and environmental applications

“…69 MOFs epitomize the sophistication of isoreticular chemistry, leading to a versatile framework with varying dimensionalities and topologies. The high surface area, tunable porosity, high pore volume, magnified surface-to-volume ratio, ultra-low densities, and microreactor environment with high guest loading capacities of these hybrid materials make them highly applicable in catalysis, 70 CO 2 adsorption, 71 energy storage, 72 sensors, 73 drug delivery, 74 biomedical sensing, 75 and others (Fig. 3).…”

Metal-organic frameworks as functional materials for implantable flexible biochemical sensors

“…For instance, terephthalic acid as a widely used ligand showed low toxicity with a median lethal dose of more than 1 g•kg −1 [240], which is much larger than the dose used in practical operations. Meanwhile, a large number of biological endogenous organic ligands (e.g., amino acids, polysaccharides, peptides, amino acids, proteins, and porphyrins) have also been used to improve the biocompatibility of MOFs [241][242][243][244][245]. On the other hand, Tamames-Tabar et al studied in-vitro cytotoxicity of up to 14 MOFs with different metals and structures [246].…”

Tailoring biocompatibility of composite scaffolds of collagen/guar gum with metal–organic frameworks

“…They include amino acids, peptides, nucleobases, proteins, porphyrins, saccharides, and vitamins. 17,18 There are several examples of relevant MOFs in the biomedical eld. Zn MOFs are considered safe for theragnostic applications.…”