Development of Biological Control for Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard)

Abstract

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) January 20082. REPORT TYPE 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Research Laboratory Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division (ATTN: AMSRD-ARL-CI-ES) White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER ARL-TR-4363 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTIn this report, a C++ library based on a compiled version of the Matlab-based Sensor Performance Evaluator for Battlefield Environments (SPEBE) is described. The library encapsulates the details of the Matlab infrastructure, including m-files and mxArray manipulation functions, so that the programmer can concentrate on the use of SPEBE rather than the details of compiled Matlab code. The high-level architecture of SPEBE is duplicated in the C++ class hierarchy, providing the programmer with classes that represent the functional grouping of data and computations found in SPEBE. These high-level classes are derived from low-level classes, which encapsulate the mxArrays and invoke the compiled m-files. Thus, the high-level classes are insensitive to changes in the compiled Matlab code resulting from Matlab revisions, while the low-level classes provide basic compiled Matlab functionality without regard to the overall SPEBE architecture. This greatly simplifies maintenance of the library in response to changes in either Matlab or SPEBE.

Testing the enemy release hypothesis: a review and meta-analysis

“…In this way, we minimized the biases due to differences in the geographic ranges and survey efforts. In Blossey et al (2001) the number of insect species in the introduced range was still much lower than that from field surveys in the native range. Second, each comparison was mostly done by the same research team such that their survey methods were more or less the same.…”

“…Nevertheless, we consider our results relatively robust for the following reasons. First, we only used data that were collected from field surveys of one or more populations of the target plant species, rather than compiled phytophagous species lists from literature surveys; with the exception of Blossey et al (2001). The latter methodology usually gives a larger number of insect species that came from multiple survey efforts and covers the entire range of the species.…”

“…All these data came from field surveys of one or more populations except for one case, in which data were obtained from a literature survey (Blossey et al 2001). A paired t-test indicated that plants have significantly higher numbers of phytophagous insect species in their native than in introduced ranges ( Figure 1a).…”

The Global Garlic Mustard Field Survey (GGMFS): challenges and opportunities of a unique, large-scale collaboration for invasion biology

“…In North America, the species lacks its native specialist herbivores (Blossey et al 2001), and suffers less herbivore damage (Lewis et al 2006). Several previous studies tested whether this enemy release has led to evolution of decreased herbivore defences and increased competitive ability (EICA hypothesis).…”

A seasonal, density‐dependent model for the management of an invasive weed

“…Because of its tolerance to many growth conditions, extensive seed dispersal, and ability to self-fertilize, this species has become a pervasive weed in the midwestern and northeastern United States and some parts of Canada (Nuzzo 2000). Although vulnerable to at least 69 insect species and seven fungi in its native range (Hinz and Gerber 1998), garlic mustard experiences minimal pressure from North American herbivores and pathogens (Blossey et al 2001). Its density-dependent survival and fecundity (Pardini et al 2008) produce compensatory responses that complicate management efforts.…”