Development of arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of the chicken and the influence of environmental temperature

Midtgård, Uffe

doi:10.1002/aja.1001860306

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…26) and could reflect changes in physiology facilitating evaporative and sensible cooling seen in several bird species (e.g. [41][42][43]. Effects of prior experience of warmth on metabolic responses to heat were also comparable to those of relatively large changes in body mass and tarsus length (+1 SD; Fig.…”

Section: Body Size and Tarsus Length Weakly Influence Thermoregulatio...mentioning

confidence: 66%

No evidence that shrinking and shapeshifting meaningfully affect how birds respond to warming and cooling

Tabh,

Persson,

Correia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Across the globe, birds and mammals are becoming smaller and longer-limbed. Although the cause of these changes is unclear, many argue that each provide thermoregulatory benefits in a warmer world by easing heat dissipation. Here, we show that neither body size nor limb length in a model species (the Japanese quail) influenced metabolic costs of warming during a cold challenge. In the heat, larger body sizes increased metabolic costs of thermoregulation, however, this effect was moderate and almost always negated by cooling from the limbs (>97% of cases). Rearing in the warmth (30°C) relative to the cold (10°C) reduced body sizes and increased limb lengths at adulthood but thermoregulatory benefits of these changes in later heat exposures were absent. Our findings demonstrate that shrinking and shape-shifting are unlikely to ease thermoregulation in contemporary birds or reflect selection for such. Alternative contributors, including neutral or non-adaptive plasticity, should be further investigated.

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Section: Body Size and Tarsus Length Weakly Influence Thermoregulatio...mentioning

confidence: 66%

No evidence that shrinking and shapeshifting meaningfully affect how birds respond to warming and cooling

Tabh,

Persson,

Correia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Additionally, the countercurrent heat exchange and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) systems enable avian species to have their feet in contacting with cold surface at high endogenous heat production and energy costs (Hillman et al, 1982;Midtgard, 1989). In the current study, compared to NP hens, both WP and AP hens were able to maintain their core temperature, but the underlaying mechanisms could be different.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warm Perches: A Novel Approach For Reducing Cold Stress Effect on Production, Plasma Hormones, and Immunity in Laying Hens

Cheng

2021

Preprint

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Background: Cold temperature is a common environmental stressor that has a great impact on the poultry industries, inducing pathophysiological stress in birds with profound economic losses. Current methods used for preventing cold stress, such as reducing ventilation and using gas heaters, are facing challenges due to poor indoor air quality and its deleterious effects on bird and caretaker health. The aim of this study was to examine if the novelly designed warmed perch system, as a thermal device, can reduce cold stress-associated adverse effects on laying hens. Methods: Seventy-two 32-week-old DeKalb hens were randomly assigned to 36 cages arranged to 3 banks. The banks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: cages with warmed perches (WP; perches with circulating water at 30 oC), air perches (AP, regular perches only) or no perches (NP) for a 21- day trial. The room temperature was set at 10 oC during the entire experimental period. Rectal temperature and body weight were measured from the same bird of each cage at day 1, 8, 15, and 21 during the cold exposure. Egg production was recorded daily. Feed intake, egg and eggshell quality were determined during the 1st and 3rd week of cold stress. Plasma levels of corticosterone, thyroid hormones (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine and thyroxine), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, were determined at day 1 and 21 post initiation of cold exposure. Results: Compared to both AP and NP hens, WP hens were able to maintain their body temperature without increasing feed intake and losing body weight. The eggs laid by WP hens had thicker eggshell during the 3rd week of cold exposure. Warmed perch hens also had a lower thyroxine conversion rate (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine/thyroxine) at day 1, while higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 at day 21. Plasma levels of corticosterone, 3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine, and IL-10 were not different among treatments. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the warmed perch system can be used as a novel thermal device for preventing cold stress-induced negative effects on hen health and welfare through regulating innate immunity and metabolic hormonal homeostasis.

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“…For this reason, it has also been stated that metabolic factors should be taken into consideration to maintain AVA density (Morris, 1984). It has been reported that the density of AVA in chics increases noticeably during the posthatching period and that the number of cell layers in the AVA wall amounts to 4-5 in chicken of 5 months, whereas it is 2 in the newly-hatching chics (Midtgard, 1989). In the studies carried out until now, the time of the increase in AVA density cannot completely be determined and, in addition, the increase in the activity should also be considered (Clark, 1938;Midtgfird, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the AVA development relating to human nasal mucosa (Rosatti, 1954) and human ear (Prichard, 1956) was studied. This development was also studied in the ears of rabbits (Clark, 1934b;Morris, 1984;1986), the skins of chicken (MidtgArd, 1989) and the tongues of kittens (Jasinsky, 1979). However, no AVAs were noted in rabbits under 8 day (Morris, 1984) and in 4-day kittens (Jasinsky, 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Arteriovenous Anastomoses in Rattus Norvegicus Species during the Fetal Period By

Çimen

Gürsoy

Kaloğlu

1996

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: In this study carried out on the development of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) in Rattus norvegicus species, the fetus was followed up 10 days after post coitum (pc). The sections obtained from the fetuses of 10-20-day rats were subjected to the usual processes for examination under the light microscope. Various staining processes were applied on the preparations and the simple and glomus types of AVAs determined in the mesenchyme of fetuses observed to birth every day. The regions with AVAs were then photographed by photomicroscopy and evaluated. From the 10-day embryo to birth, an increase in the smooth muscles in the wall structure of simple anastomoses was observed. It was however very difficult to follow up this increase in glomus anastomoses because the wall structure is more complicated. Their morphology was examined and compared with that in literature.

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Development of arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of the chicken and the influence of environmental temperature

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

No evidence that shrinking and shapeshifting meaningfully affect how birds respond to warming and cooling

No evidence that shrinking and shapeshifting meaningfully affect how birds respond to warming and cooling

Warm Perches: A Novel Approach For Reducing Cold Stress Effect on Production, Plasma Hormones, and Immunity in Laying Hens

Development of Arteriovenous Anastomoses in Rattus Norvegicus Species during the Fetal Period By

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