Development of Arachnoid Villi and Granulations in Man

Gomez, Daniel G.; DiBenedetto, Anthony; Pavese, A. M.; Firpo, Adolfo; Hershan, D.B.; Potts, D. Gordon

doi:10.1159/000145473

Cited by 82 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…First, in the mature brain, return of subarachnoid EA-CSF to the venous circulation takes place through reabsorption into arachnoid granulations—one-way valves that drain into the dural venous sinuses (e.g., superior sagittal sinus) [53]. However, arachnoid granulations are not open at birth and only mature over the first 18 months of life [54, 55]. The immaturity of arachnoid granulations in infancy may cause CSF to accumulate in the subarachnoid space, leading to elevated extra-axial CSF volume [56, 57].…”

Section: The Impact Of Csf Dysfunction On the Clearance Of Neuroinflamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism

Shen

2018

J Neurodevelop Disord

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BackgroundThere is currently a renaissance of interest in the many functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Altered flow of CSF, for example, has been shown to impair the clearance of pathogenic inflammatory proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid-β. In addition, the role of CSF in the newly discovered lymphatic system of the brain has become a prominently researched area in clinical neuroscience, as CSF serves as a conduit between the central nervous system and immune system.Main bodyThis article will review the importance of CSF in regulating normal brain development and function, from the prenatal period throughout the lifespan, and highlight recent research that CSF abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are present in infancy, are detectable by conventional structural MRI, and could serve as an early indicator of altered neurodevelopment.ConclusionThe identification of early CSF abnormalities in children with ASD, along with emerging knowledge of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, has the potential to serve as early stratification biomarkers that separate children with ASD into biological subtypes that share a common pathophysiology. Such subtypes could help parse the phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD and map on to targeted, biologically based treatments.

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Section: The Impact Of Csf Dysfunction On the Clearance Of Neuroinflamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism

Shen

2018

J Neurodevelop Disord

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“…Reduced head size at birth may be the combined consequence of increased CSF resorption and smaller brain size in later pregnancy stages. [46][47][48] The implications of early fetal brain alterations for later brain development and functioning…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal MRI detects early alterations of brain development in Tetralogy of Fallot

Schellen

Schwartz

Gruber

et al. 2015

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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“…25 Granulations were observed after the 39th gestational week and continued to develop with increasing complexity during the postnatal period. 25 Specifically, arachnoid granulations complete maturation $18 months postnatally. 25 This may explain the imaging observation that the subarachnoid space width increases from birth until $7 months of age, and then gradually decreases.…”

Section: Development Of the Csf Efflux Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 Specifically, arachnoid granulations complete maturation $18 months postnatally. 25 This may explain the imaging observation that the subarachnoid space width increases from birth until $7 months of age, and then gradually decreases. 26 In addition, the maturation of CSF outflow is associated with the development of other CSF efflux pathways, such as the root along the cranial and spinal nerve sheaths to the lymphatic system and pathway along the olfactory nerve sheaths to the nasal cavity.…”

Section: Development Of the Csf Efflux Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Glymphatic Imaging in Pediatrics

Li,

Lin,

Liu

et al. 2023

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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The glymphatic system, which facilitates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the brain parenchyma, is important for brain development and waste clearance. Advances in imaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, have make it possible to evaluate glymphatic structures and functions in vivo. Recently, several studies have focused on the development and alterations of the glymphatic system in pediatric disorders. This review discusses the development of the glymphatic system, advances of imaging techniques and their applications in pediatric disorders. First, the results of the reviewed studies indicate that the development of the glymphatic system is a long‐lasting process that continues into adulthood. Second, there is a need for improved glymphatic imaging techniques that are non‐invasive and fast to improve suitability for pediatric applications, as some of existing methods use contrast injection and are susceptible to motion artifacts from long scanning times. Several novel techniques are potentially feasible for pediatric patients and may be used in the future. Third, the glymphatic dysfunction is associated with a large number of pediatric disorders, although only a few have recently been investigated. In conclusion, research on the pediatric glymphatic system remains an emerging field. The preliminary applications of glymphatic imaging techniques have provided unique insight into the pathological mechanism of pediatric diseases, but mainly limited in visualization of enlarged perivascular spaces and morphological measurements on CSF volumes. More in‐depth studies on glymphatic functions are required to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain development and pediatric diseases.Level of Evidence5Technical EfficacyStage 3

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Development of Arachnoid Villi and Granulations in Man

Cited by 82 publications

References 4 publications

Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism

Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism

Fetal MRI detects early alterations of brain development in Tetralogy of Fallot

Glymphatic Imaging in Pediatrics

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