Development of an underwater electric field modem

Pelavas, Nicos; Heard, Garry J.; Schattschneider, George

doi:10.1109/oceans.2014.7003187

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The results from simulation of antennas in sea water and simulations of antennas placed on seabed at several distances (d) are compared in Figure 7 . As it can be seen, sea water attenuation is dramatically increased as frequencies are higher, which is coherent with theoretical graphs in literature [ 8 ]. Moreover, there are clearly two distinguishable areas, A and B, separated by a black dashed line in the figure.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Regarding antennas, loop antennas and different types of dipoles are usually tested by research groups, but no agreement has been found on which is the best choice. Dipoles with and without insulated sections are examined in [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], whilst others carry out experiments with loop antennas [ 7 ]. Nevertheless, magnetic loop antennas seem to have a certain acceptance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the latter seemed to be more successful. On the contrary, in [ 8 ], it is stated the need of using low frequency carriers, up to 20 KHz, due to the dramatic rise in attenuation as frequency increases. In this case, with vertical dipoles, distances of up to 20 m were reached in real environment experiments, and these results were compared to theoretical ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks—Part I: Link Characterization

Quintana-Díaz

Mena-Rodríguez

Álvarez

et al. 2017

Sensors

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) using electromagnetic (EM) technology in marine shallow waters are examined, not just for environmental monitoring but for further interesting applications. Particularly, the use of EM waves is reconsidered in shallow waters due to the benefits offered in this context, where acoustic and optical technologies have serious disadvantages. Sea water scenario is a harsh environment for radiocommunications, and there is no standard model for the underwater EM channel. The high conductivity of sea water, the effect of seabed and the surface make the behaviour of the channel hard to predict. This justifies the need of link characterization as the first step to approach the development of EM underwater sensor networks. To obtain a reliable link model, measurements and simulations are required. The measuring setup for this purpose is explained and described, as well as the procedures used. Several antennas have been designed and tested in low frequency bands. Agreement between attenuation measurements and simulations at different distances was analysed and made possible the validation of simulation setups and the design of different communications layers of the system. This leads to the second step of this work, where data and routing protocols for the sensor network are examined.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks—Part I: Link Characterization

Quintana-Díaz

Mena-Rodríguez

Álvarez

et al. 2017

Sensors

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“…In shallow waters, the medium presents two alternative propagation mechanisms for EM waves: the water-to-air and water-to-seafloor interfaces, e.g., [7,8]. Since these interfaces present less conductivity than seawater, depending on the relative position of the transceivers and receivers with regards to the surface and seafloor, the communication range of the EM communication in shallow water is usually larger than over a homogeneous medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks, Part II: Localization and Network Simulations

Zazo

Macua

Zazo

et al. 2016

Sensors

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In the first part of the paper, we modeled and characterized the underwater radio channel in shallow waters. In the second part, we analyze the application requirements for an underwater wireless sensor network (U-WSN) operating in the same environment and perform detailed simulations. We consider two localization applications, namely self-localization and navigation aid, and propose algorithms that work well under the specific constraints associated with U-WSN, namely low connectivity, low data rates and high packet loss probability. We propose an algorithm where the sensor nodes collaboratively estimate their unknown positions in the network using a low number of anchor nodes and distance measurements from the underwater channel. Once the network has been self-located, we consider a node estimating its position for underwater navigation communicating with neighboring nodes. We also propose a communication system and simulate the whole electromagnetic U-WSN in the Castalia simulator to evaluate the network performance, including propagation impairments (e.g., noise, interference), radio parameters (e.g., modulation scheme, bandwidth, transmit power), hardware limitations (e.g., clock drift, transmission buffer) and complete MAC and routing protocols. We also explain the changes that have to be done to Castalia in order to perform the simulations. In addition, we propose a parametric model of the communication channel that matches well with the results from the first part of this paper. Finally, we provide simulation results for some illustrative scenarios.

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“…However, they overcome all the negative aspects that acoustic and optical systems suffer in shallow seawater. Many studies dealing with EM signal in seawater describe alternative propagation mechanisms [7] [5]. The shallow water environment presents two interfaces: water to air, and water to seafloor (both seafloor and air with less conductivity than seawater).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental testbed for seawater channel characterization

Mena-Rodríguez

Dorta-Naranjo

Quintana

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Third Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms)

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Abstract-Shallow seawaters are problematic for acoustic and optical communications. Sensor networks based on electromagnetic (EM) communications are evaluated in this environment. In order to characterize the subaquatic channel, several measurement systems have been designed, built and tested in the sea obtaining very reliable results. Experiments carried out with dipoles and loop antennas showed serious disagreement with the state of the art, especially when dipole antennas are used. Dipoles performance was poor while magnetic loops showed relevant results. Measurement system is described in detail and real attenuation of the subaquatic channel is obtained for several distances and antennas. Finally, measured and simulated results are compared with good agreement.

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Development of an underwater electric field modem

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks—Part I: Link Characterization

Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks—Part I: Link Characterization

Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks, Part II: Localization and Network Simulations

Experimental testbed for seawater channel characterization

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