“…However, the procedure sparked ethical and legal controversy regarding improper consent and experimentation 21 . In the years after the first implantation in humans, further research on TAH prototypes was conducted solely in large animal models by researchers from the University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) 22 ; the University of Utah College of Medicine (Salt Lake City, UT, USA) 23,24,25,26 ; the University of Mississippi Medical Centre (Jackson, MS, USA) 27,28 ; the Cleveland Clinic 29,30 ; the Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX, USA) 31 ; and the US Atomic Energy Commission (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) 32,33,34 . It took 12 years from the first TAH implantation in humans until the next human TAH implantation in 1981, again at the Texas Heart Institute, when the pneumatic Akutsu III TAH was implanted as a bridge to transplantation in a man aged 36 years 35 .…”