Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

Schriever, Valentin A.; Agosín, Eduardo; Altundağ, Aytuğ; Avni, Hadas; Van, Hélène Cao; Cornejo, Carlos; Santos, Gonzalo de los; Fishman, G. J.; Fragola, Claudio; Guarneros, Marco; Gupta, Neelima; Hudson, Robyn; Kamel, Rasha; Knaapila, Antti; Konstantinidis, Iordanis; Landis, Basile Nicolas; Larsson, Maria; Lundström, Johan N.; Macchi, Alberto; Mariño‐Sánchez, Franklin; Nováková, Lenka; Mori, Eri; Mullol, Joaquim; Nord, Marie; Parma, Valentina; Philpott, Carl; Propst, Evan J.; Rawan, Ahmed; Sandell, Mari; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Sorokowski, Piotr; Sparing-Paschke, Lisa Marie; Stetzler, Carolin; Valder, C.; Vodička, Jan; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

Cited by 79 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the current study, we developed and validated the "pBOT- 6 Performance of both U-Sniff and pBOT-6 identification scorescorrelated and increased with age. This is in the same line with previous studies demonstrating age-related increases in children's IS [14,17,18,27]. However, in the current study,although we observed a tendency toward a better threshold score with age, differences did not reach statistical significance.A previous study evaluated olfactory threshold in children using a modified "Sniffin' Sticks" threshold test [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, gender difference in smell function in children is controversial. Some studies have reported that girls outperform boys [13,15,18]. Nevertheless, in accordance with other studies [14,16,32,33], wefound no differences in pBOT-6 identification and threshold scores between girls and boys.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The pBOT-6 was compared with the U-sniff test, that contains 12 odour items presented as pen-like "sniffin' sticks", administered in a four answer forced choice model using image and name of odours, with an IS of 0 to 12 (0-100%) [18].…”

Section: 3universal-sniff Test For Children (U-sniff)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some smelltests have been created for children [14][15][16][17], however, they are more difficult to obtain and they may not be suitable for very young children. Recently, a new international odour identification test for children, the Universal Sniff Test (U-Sniff),has been validated in 19countries [18]. However, this test does not include a threshold test to complement identification task for the assessment of sensorial dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Mariño‐Sánchez¹,

Valls-Mateus²,

Fragola³

et al. 2020

J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: 3universal-sniff Test For Children (U-sniff)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Mariño‐Sánchez¹,

Valls-Mateus²,

Fragola³

et al. 2020

J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol

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“…Therefore, age-appropriate olfactory tests are necessary and have indeed been developed [9, 11, 22]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Sniffin’ Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects

Oleszkiewicz

Schriever

Croy

et al. 2018

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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470

482

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PurposeTo provide up-to-date and detailed normative data based on a large-scale sample, increasing diagnostic validity by reference to narrow age groups as previous normative values were based upon smaller sample sizes—especially in the group of older subjects.MethodData were obtained from 9139 healthy subjects (4928 females aged 5–96 years and 4211 males aged 5–91 years). The standard “Sniffin’ Sticks” test was applied, comprising threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) subtests, and yielding a TDI sum score.ResultsHyposmia was established at a TDI score of less than 30.75. Age-related changes were found in each domain, most pronounced for thresholds. Individuals aged 20–30 years performed best, whereas children below the age of 10 and adults above the age of 71 scored only half as well. Sex-related differences were in favor of women.ConclusionsData provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory performance in relation to specific age groups. Significant gender and age effects were observed, with a most pronounced increase of olfactory test scores between age 5 through 20 years and a dramatic decrease at the age of 60 through 71 years.

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International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Patel

Holbrook

Turner

et al. 2022

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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Background:The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results:The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion:This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

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Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

Abstract: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

Cited by 79 publications

References 52 publications

Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Updated Sniffin’ Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

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