“…Importantly, PBL approaches can emphasize both soft skills (e.g., group work, planning) and principal course themes (e.g., map reading, GNSS data collection and GIS integration, GIS analyses; Scheyvens, Griffin, Jocoy, Liu, & Bradford, 2008). Other research has highlighted the usefulness of writing assignments in teaching GIS&T concepts (Erlien, 2011), hybrid methods for teaching GIS&T principles that utilize selfpaced multimedia modules (Zerger, Bishop, Escobar, & Hunter, 2002;Kamruzzamen, 2014), and the effectiveness of massive open online courses (MOOC) in GIS&T instruction (Belgiu, Strobl, & Wallentin, 2015). Despite the success of PBL and related methods, questions remain about the most effective way of teaching GIS&T (Baker et al, 2012) and developing effective GIS&T curricula (Baker et al, 2015).…”