Development of an Inactivated H7N9 Subtype Avian Influenza Serological DIVA Vaccine Using the Chimeric HA Epitope Approach

Abstract

DIVA vaccine is a useful tool for eradicating avian influenza, especially for highly pathogenic avian influenza. Several different DIVA strategies have been proposed for avian influenza inactivated whole-virus vaccine, involving the neuraminidase (NA), nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e), or HA2 gene.

Generation of an avian influenza DIVA vaccine with a H3-peptide replacement located at HA2 against both highly and low pathogenic H7N9 virus

“…The classic virus serological test, such as hemagglutination inhibition or microneutralization, can detect virus-specific antibodies as indicators for monitoring infection [ 12 ], however, these methods cannot distinguish between the antibodies induced by vaccination and wild virus infection in the host. Although a peptide microarray for DIVA identification was successfully generated in our previous study, and showed much more sensitive than that by HI test [ 19 ], a special equipment is needed currently. In comparison with these serologic methods, ELISA technique is widely regarded as an essential approach superior in accuracy, rapid, and throughput for early diagnosis, shows obvious advantages in wide promotion and apply [ 31 ].…”

“…Previously, we successfully screened a specific epitope on the HA2 protein of H7N9 subtype AIV, named H7–12 peptide, based on peptide microarray technology. Subsequently, a serological DIVA vaccine was developed by using the chimeric HA epitope approach based on LPAIV JD/17 strain [ 19 ]. With the highly pathogenic H7N9 strain became the dominant epidemic strain, therefore, a H7N9 avian influenza DIVA vaccine was successfully developed based on substituted 12 peptides of H3 subtype influenza virus located at HA2 in this study.…”

Characterization of an H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from Camels in Inner Mongolia, China

“…The H7N9 AIV A/chicken/Huadong/JD/2017 strain was isolated in our previous study ( 65 ). H1N1 IAV A/California/04/2009 (CA) was stored in our laboratory ( 66 ).…”

Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use

“…One of the main concerns with the use of LAIV in animals is to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to natural virus infection (Pasick, 2004;Hasan et al, 2016). In order to overcome this issue and Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA), several approaches have been implemented, such as including sentinel non-vaccinated animals, the use of IIV or subunit vaccines, heterologous neuraminidase vaccines, chimeric HA epitope marked vaccines, and developing serological tests against viral proteins which allow to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals among others (Ozaki et al, 2001;Tumpey et al, 2005;Avellaneda et al, 2010;Brahmakshatriya et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2011;Hasan et al, 2016;Sun et al, 2021). The DIVA strategy is not a new concept since it has been previously used for other pathogens (Calvo-Pinilla et al, 2020;Utrilla-Trigo et al, 2022), including the eradication of an infectious disease from a region or country (Pasick, 2004).…”