Development of an ICF‐based questionnaire for urinary and/or fecal incontinence (ICF‐IAF): The female patients’ perspective using focus groups (subproject)

Abstract

Aims The aim of this study was to identify the problems and resources of women with urinary or fecal incontinence based on the International Classification of Function and Health (ICF) framework and detecting the impact on the personal environment and quality of life. This study forms part of a project with an overall goal to enable standardized planning and evaluation of interventions in multi‐professional settings. Methods To answer the study question a mixed‐method sequential design with a priority to the quantitative approach was considered appropriate. Regarding methods, focus groups were chosen to collect data. Transcripts were analyzed with content analysis and identified concepts linked to the corresponding ICF categories by two different raters. Cohen's kappa was calculated for interrater reliability. Results Thirteen women with a mean age of 69.9 years were recruited. Four focus groups were conducted, whereas saturation was reached after two focus groups. Overall transcripts 99 defined ICF categories at second level could be linked (body functions = 31, body structures = 5, activities and participation = 33, and environmental factors = 30) whereas 4 categories were not sufficiently covered by the ICF (3 = personal factors, 1 = not covered). Conclusions This study has determined 103 resources and problems based on the ICF model of women with urinary and/or fecal incontinence. In spite of these results, it was shown that four concepts are not fully covered by the ICF framework. The current data highlight the importance of an extension of the ICF model, especially towards the personal factors of patients.

Multimorbidity Patterns and the Disablement Process among Public Long-Term Care Insurance Claimants in the City of Yiwu (Zhejiang Province, China)

“…More attention should be paid to specific multimorbidity patterns, such as coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and lower limb fractures, and early screening is needed to identify and manage these chronic diseases so as to reduce the likelihood of impairments and disability [ 33 ]. Furthermore, early screening and management of impairments are also important, for example, to develop assessment tools for urinary and/or fecal incontinence [ 34 ] and to take evidence-based approaches to facilitate bowel and bladder management [ 35 ]. This can help slow down the process of ADL disablement.…”