Development of an effective virtual environment in eliciting craving in adolescents and young adults with internet gaming disorder

Abstract

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a new disorder that warrants further investigation, as recently noted in the research criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Offering controlled environments that increase cue-induced craving, virtual reality cue-exposure therapy has been shown to be effective for some addiction disorders. To assess the feasibility of virtual reality for patients with IGD, this study aimed to develop virtual environments that represent risk situations for inducing craving, and assess the effect of virtual reality in cue reactivity. A total of 64 male adolescents and young adults (34 with IGD and 30 without) were recruited for participation. We developed a virtual internet café environment and the participants were exposed to four different tasks. As the primary feasibility outcome, cravings were measured with a visual analogue scale measuring current urge to play a game after exposure to each task. The virtual internet café induced significantly greater cravings in patients with IGD compared to controls. Additionally, patients exhibited a significantly higher acceptance rate of an avatar’s invitation to play a game together than that of controls. In IGD, craving response to the tasks was positively associated with the symptom severity score as measured by Young's Internet Addiction Test. These findings reveal that virtual reality laden with complex game-related cues could evoke game craving in patients with IGD and could be used in the treatment of IGD as a cue-exposure therapy tool for eliciting craving.

The Modulation of Reward and Habit Systems by Acupuncture in Adolescents with Internet Addiction

“…To ensure the pure effect of acupuncture treatment, adolescents with IA were instructed not to take any other therapeutic intervention during the whole research. The IAT and the visual analogue scale (VAS) [25] were fulfilled by IA subjects to assess the symptom severity and the Internet craving, respectively, before and after the acupuncture treatment. 3 .…”

Virtual Reality (VR) in Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review

“…One study (Shin et al, 2018) concerning adolescents and young adults (n = 34) suffering from internet gaming disorder [DSM-5 (Petry and O'Brien, 2013)] controlled with a group of 30 healthy subjects assessed cue reactivity after virtual internet gamingrelated cues. Virtual environments consisted of multisensory exposure with visual and auditory cues.…”

“…Craving Shin et al (2018) found induced craving after randomized exposure to 4 virtual complex internet gaming-related cues (cyber-cafes). Craving assessment was performed using a singleitem VAS.…”

The Use of Virtual Reality in Psychiatry: A Review

“…The use of relatively safe cue exposure therapy has been studied to improve coping with psychophysiological addictions, such as alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine, as well as with behavioral addiction, such as pathological gambling and IGD. It has been reported that VR-induced craving through cue exposure, and reduction in addictive behaviors such as nicotine dependence and IGD, have effectiveness similar to that of conventional CBT [48][49][50]. However, further systematic approaches and meta-analyses are necessary for analyzing each of these addiction groups.…”