Development of an Effective Endothermic Fuel Platform for Regeneratively-Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Castaldi, Marco J.; Leylegian, John C.; Chinitz, W.; Modroukas, Dean

doi:10.2514/6.2006-4403

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The results showed that a reactor consisting of a set of screens with alternating catalyst formulations exhibited better performance than placing stacks of the same catalyst formulation in series with each other, and the enhanced heat and mass transfer were believed to facilitate H 2 generation. This was very briefly investigated during the previous work by these authors [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Typically, however, when catalysts are used, as space velocity increases (or residence time decreases) conversion decreases. A feasibility study was performed by the authors and colleagues on the use of short contact time (SCT) catalytic reactors for endothermic reforming of logistical fuels [14]. Tests were performed to determine the extent of conversion and selectivity to ethylene and hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Short Contact Time Reactors for Regeneratively Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Leylegian

Chinitz

Benel

et al. 2012

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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For hydrocarbon-based fuels to be viable as scramjet fuels they must be able to absorb heat from engine structures in the form of sensible, latent, and chemical enthalpies, while attempting to minimize coke formation. In this study, a short contact time catalytic reactor was used to achieve these ends. Experiments were performed using a series of different catalysts (Pt Al 2 O 3 , Rh Al 2 O 3 , and zeolite) on a set of logistical fuels (JP-7, JP-8, JP-10, and S-8, a synthetic hydrocarbon fuel currently being investigated by the U.S. Air Force). Experiments were performed at low (1-3 atmospheres) and elevated (40-50 atmospheres) pressures, at temperatures of 650 and 750 C. The production of gas-and liquid-phase species was measured as a function of pressure, temperature, residence time, and catalyst formulation. Results show the production of small (H 2 , C 1 C 3 ) species in the gas phase, with a shift from hydrogen and ethylene formation at low pressures toward methane and ethane formation at elevated pressures. In addition, significant coke formation at elevated pressures for all of the fuels was witnessed. Detailed kinetic modeling identified shortcomings in models used for describing the pyrolysis of these fuels.Presented at the 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Short Contact Time Reactors for Regeneratively Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Leylegian

Chinitz

Benel

et al. 2012

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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“…Castaldi et al [20] studied the cracking of JP-8 and JP-10 fuels over Pt/α -Al 2 O 3 in a short contact-time reactor and found that the fuels can feasibly be converted to the desirable ethylene and hydrogen. Leylegian et al [21,22] also used the short contact time reactor to investigate the cracking of logistical fuels (JP-7, JP-8, JP-10 and S-8) over a series of different catalysts (Pt/Al 2 O 3 , Rh/Al 2 O 3 and zeolites) at pressures of 1~3atm and 40~50atm, temperatures of 650 and 750 o C. They concluded that the gaseous products shifted from hydrogen and ethylene formation at low pressures towards methane and ethane formation at high pressures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Noble metals, such as Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh) are used as catalysts in many heterogeneous catalytic reactions for its excellent activity, selectivity and stability [14]. Platinum, supported on Al 2 O 3 or SiO 2 , is one of the most valuable catalysts because of catalyzing a wide variety of hydrocarbon conversion reactions involving C-C and C-H bond activation and has been widely used in the catalytic cracking and reforming processes in industrial research [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and modeling study of thermal and catalytic cracking of n-decane

Gong

Ning

et al. 2014

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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“…Studies on cracked kerosene ignition have been conducted only by using surrogate at high temperatures (> 1000 K) [6][7][8] . Cracked JP-7 ignition delay for equivalence ratios of 0.5 to 1.5 in air and oxygen was studied by Puri et al 6 using three different reaction mechanisms at temperatures of 1200 to 2000 K, pressures of 1.01 × 10 5 to 20.2 × 10 5 Pa. Correlations of their ignition delay times were established, summarizing that cracked JP-7 fuel is easier to ignite in oxygen than in air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Ignition Delay of Cracked Kerosene/Air and Kerosene/Air over a Wide Temperature Range

WANG¹,

ZHANG²,

WAN³

et al. 2019

Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica

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Kerosene is an ideal endothermic hydrocarbon. Its pyrolysis plays a significant role in the thermal protection for high-speed aircraft. Before it reacts, kerosene experiences thermal decomposition in the heat exchanger and produces cracked products. Thus, to use cracked kerosene instead of pure kerosene, knowledge of their ignition properties is needed. In this study, ignition delay times of cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air were measured in a heated shock tube at temperatures of 657-1333 K, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and pressures of 1.01 × 10 5 -10.10 × 10 5 Pa. Ignition delay time was defined as the time interval between the arrival of the reflected shock and the occurrence of the steepest rise of excited-state CH species (CH*) emission at the sidewall measurement location. Pure helium was used as the driver gas for high-temperature measurements in which test times needed to be shorter than 1.5 ms, and tailored mixtures of He/Ar were used when test times could reach up to 15 ms. Arrhenius-type formulas for the relationship between ignition delay time and ignition conditions (temperature and pressure) were obtained by correlating the measured high-temperature data of both fuels. The results reveal that the ignition delay times of both fuels are close, and an increase in the pressure or temperature causes a decrease in the ignition delay time in the high-temperature region (> 1000 K). Both fuels exhibit similar high-temperature ignition delay properties, because they have close pressure exponents (cracked kerosene: τign∝P −0.85 ; kerosene: τign∝P −0.83 ) and global activation energies (cracked kerosene: Ea = 143.37 kJmol −1 ; kerosene: Ea = 144.29 kJmol −1 ). However, in the low-temperature region (< 1000 K), ignition delay characteristics are quite different. For cracked kerosene/air, while the decrease in the temperature still results in an increase in the ignition delay time, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of ignition delay does not occur, and the low-temperature ignition data still can be correlated by an Arrhenius-type formula with a much smaller global activation energy compared to that at high temperatures. However, for kerosene/air, this NTC phenomenon was observed, and the Arrhenius-type formula fails to correlate its low-temperature ignition data. At temperatures ranging from 830 to 1000 K, the cracked kerosene ignites faster than the kerosene; at temperatures below 830 K, kerosene ignition delay times become much shorter than those of cracked kerosene. Surrogates for cracked kerosene and kerosene are proposed based on the H/C ratio and average molecular weight in order to simulate ignition delay times for cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air. The simulation results are in fairly good agreement with current experimental data for the two fuels at high temperatures (> 1000 K). However, in the low-temperature NTC region, the results are in very good agreement with kerosene ignition delay data but disagree with cracked kerosene ignition delay data. The comparison between experimental d...

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Development of an Effective Endothermic Fuel Platform for Regeneratively-Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Investigation of Short Contact Time Reactors for Regeneratively Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Investigation of Short Contact Time Reactors for Regeneratively Cooled Hypersonic Vehicles

Experimental and modeling study of thermal and catalytic cracking of n-decane

A Comparative Study of Ignition Delay of Cracked Kerosene/Air and Kerosene/Air over a Wide Temperature Range

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