Development of an animal model of progressive vaccinia in nu/nu mice and the use of bioluminescence imaging for assessment of the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against vaccinial B5 and L1 proteins

Immunogenic proteins and potential delivery platforms for mpox virus vaccine development: A rapid review

“…The EEV B5R is the major target of EEV-neutralizing antibodies after smallpox vaccination as demonstrated by antibody depletion experiments [ 73 ]. Treatment of a combination of anti-B5R and anti-L1R mAbs significantly prolonged survival rate and reduced viral load at the scar site after challenging VACV in mice [ 74 ]. Mechanically, the protection provided by these antibodies is not primarily from direct neutralization effects, but rather heavily dependent on the ability of anti-B5R mAb to recruit complement (C3 and C1q) [ [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] ].…”

Imaging viral infection in vivo to gain unique perspectives on cellular antiviral immunity*

“…113 While differences exist between mouse and human VACV infection, athymic nude mice (lacking T cells) also develop progressive vaccinia after skin inoculation and represent a model in which to study this adverse vaccine event. 114,115 To examine immunity against VACV in the context of robust cellmediated immune responses, we developed a murine model using the same bifurcated needle utilized for human smallpox vaccination, rather than scarification (which causes extensive skin damage) or intradermal (which bypasses epidermal cells) infection routes that had previously been reported. 116,117 Epicutaneous infection of VACV resulted in infection of two major populations of skin cells that could be visualized using IVM: CD45epidermal keratinocytes and CD45 + inflammatory monocytes located in clusters at the site of needlestick.…”

“…Vaccinia necrosum was universally fatal before the advent of vaccinia immune immunoglobulin (VIG) 113 . While differences exist between mouse and human VACV infection, athymic nude mice (lacking T cells) also develop progressive vaccinia after skin inoculation and represent a model in which to study this adverse vaccine event 114,115 …”