Development of “Amylomaize”—Corn Hybrids With High Amylose Starch: II. Results of Breeding Efforts<sup>1</sup>

Bear, R. P.; Vineyard, Michelle; Macmasters, M. M.; Deatherage, W. L.

doi:10.2134/agronj1958.00021962005000100010x

Cited by 26 publications

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“…1. Previous studies (Bear et al 1958;Loesch and Zuber 1964) have shown that genotypes possessing the ae allele typically have AAC values of 45-70% as the result of modifying genes from different genetic backgrounds. For this study, AAC values were 25-70%; however, samples with values of 25-45% were not likely homozygous for the recessive ae allele due to misclassification of segregating F2 kernels.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Exotic Core Set Using Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

et al. 2002

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Cereal Chem. 79(2):317-321Breeding for high-amylose corn requires a rapid analytical method for determining starch amylose so that generating wet chemistry values does not pose a major limitation in the volume of materials that can be screened. Two methods for determining apparent amylose content (AAC) were examined and compared with an iodine-binding method involving the solubilization of isolated starch in a sodium hydroxide solution (method 1). These methods included one based on near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIRT) (method 2) and another iodine-binding method involving the solubilizing of starch from ground whole corn with a DMSO-iodine solution (method 3). These methods were chosen because, aside from initial set up costs, they are relatively rapid and inexpensive to perform. The materials evaluated consisted of various exotic corn populations including plant introductions and experimental materials generated from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project. Crosses were made between these materials and a Corn Belt dent hybrid (OH43 × H99) converted with the amylose-extender (ae) allele. Grain from F2 ears, presumed to be homozygous for the ae allele based on visual selection of mutant kernels on F1 ears from which they were planted, were then evaluated to identify possible modifiers of ae conditioning high starch AAC. From a total of 1,006 F2 ears, a core set consisting of 155 samples was established and only these were subjected to starch AAC analysis, using all three methods to compare the methods. Method 2 showed poor correlation to method 1 (r = 0.88), however, NIRT did appear to discriminate between samples converted to ae vs. those with a normal or possibly segregating endosperm type. Method 3 showed a slightly better correlation with method 1 (r = 0.92) and appeared to more fully discriminate among samples with AAC values >65% from those at ≈55%. Results from this study suggest that NIRT may be useful when a quick screening method is needed to discriminate mutant from nonmutant genotypes within grain samples of exotic germplasm especially when visual identification is difficult. In addition, method 3 could be used to replace the more timeconsuming method 1 when trying to identify high AAC levels among ae genotypes, even though some inconsistency was observed between the two methods. Finally, this study revealed that exotic germplasm may be an important source of new modifiers to the ae allele because values as high as 70% AAC were identified.

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Section: Evaluation Of Exotic Core Set Using Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

et al. 2002

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“…Согласно данным, представ-ленным ВИР и Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, образцы этого кластера несут мутации в генах семейства amylose extender (ae). Известно, что содержание амилозы у линий кукурузы с мутантным аллелем ae может достигать 50 % и более (Bear et al, 1958). Однако, по нашим данным, содержание амилозы в образцах кукурузы этого кластера не превышает 25.6 %.…”

Section: результаты и обсуждениеunclassified

SSR loci potentially associated with high amylopectine content in maize kernel endosperm

et al. 2018

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As a component of functional nutrition, maize cultivars with “non-traditional” kernel composition (waxy, oilbearing, sugar, opaque, etc. phenotypic variants) are promising. Mutations in the waxy gene, which break down the structure and function of the enzyme for amylose biosynthesis, lead to a waxy (with a high content of amylopectin) endosperm formation. High variability of the waxy gene limits the use of microsatellite loci in marker associated selection of waxy maize genotypes. The increased frequency of gene rearrangements within the waxy locus facilitated the origination of many high-amylopectin corn lines carrying different SSR allelic variants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using waxy locus microsatellite sequences for identification and labeling of waxy maize genotypes. To this end, a complex of biochemical (calorimetry, bichromate method), molecular-genetic (SSR-PCR, capillary gel electrophoresis with fluorescent detection of fragments) and statistical (descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, χ2) analysis methods was used. Plant material used were 33 samples of corn kernels including mutant forms with a high content of amylose, amylopectin, short-chain starches, were kindly provided by VIR genetic collection (Russian Federation) and Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center (USA). The contents of starch, short-chain soluble carbohydrates, amylose, amylopectin in the grain of 33 maize samples were evaluated. Compositionally similar (to endosperm carbohydrates content) groups of samples were identified. They include 13 high-amylopectin samples carriers of waxy (wx) gene mutations and 20 samples with wild-type character (Wx). Molecular genetic screening of the collection included an analysis of the polymorphism of the microsatellite loci phi022, phi027, phi061 associated with the waxy gene sequence. Allelic composition of individual loci and their combinations were analyzed in relation to the accumulation of reserve carbohydrates in the kernel endosperm. Only the analysis of the phi022/phi027 combination or all three markers in the complex allows differentiating the wild Wx and mutant wx phenotypes of maize. It was shown that not the individual allelic polymorphisms of the phi022, phi027, phi061 loci are efficient for the markerassociated selection of high-amylopectin maize, but their unique combinations.

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The Interaction of Endosperm Genotype and Genetic Background. Part I. Differences in Chromatographic Profiles of Starches from Nonmutant and Mutant Endosperms

Boyer¹,

Liu²

1985

Starch Stärke

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ve rs i ty Pa r k, Pen ns y I va n i a (US A)The effect of maize endosperm genotype and genetic background on variation of endosperm starch properties has been examined by gel filtration. Nonmutant, and single, double and triple mutant combinations of the endosperm genes urnylose-extender (ue), dull (du), sugary (su), and waxy (wx) in four maize inbred lines were compared. The major effects of endosperm genes on starch properties did not vary as a result of genetic background. Starches from wx endosperms contained no amylose. The mutants ae, du and su resulted in starches with increased amylose content. Genetic background did affect starch properties in predictable ways. For example, the production of amylose in mutant endosperms was higher in the dent inbred background, followed by the sweet corn inbreds. However, the production of low molecular weight amylopectin and intermediate polysaccharide fractions was greatest in a sweet corn inbred background. We conclude that the material included in this study will be valuable in future investigations designed to delineate the interaction of genetic background and endosperm genotype in starch biosynthesis and starch properties. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Endosperm-Genotyp und der genetischen Herkunft. Teil 1. Unterschiede in den chrornatographischen Profilen der Starken aus nichtmutanten und mutanten Endospermen. Die Wirkung des Mais-Endosperm-Genotyps und der genetischen Herkunft auf die Veranderung der Endospermstarke-Eigenschaften wurde durch Gelfiltration untersucht. Nichtmutante und einzel-, doppelt-und dreifachmutante Kombinationen der Endospermgene Amyloseextender (ae), stumpf (du), zuckerig (su) und wachsig (wx) in vier Mais-Inzuchtlinien wurden miteinander verglichen. Die starksten Einwirkungen von Endospermgenen auf die Starkeeigenschaften veranderten sich nicht aufgrund des genetischen Hintergrundes. Stlrken aus wx-Endospermen enthielten keine Amylose. Die Mutanten ae, du und su fuhrten zu Starken mit erhohtem Amylosegehalt. Die genetische Herkunft beeintluljte die Starkeeigenschaften in voraussehbarer Weise. Beispielsweise war die Produktion von Amylose in mutanten Endospermen bei der Dent-Inzuchtherkunft hoher gefolgt von den SuRmais-Inzuchtproben. Jedoch war die Produktion von niedrigmolekularem Amylopektin und intermedilren Polysaccharidfraktionen in einem SuRkorn-Inzucht-Hintergrund am grooten. Es wird die SchluDfolgerung gezogen, dao das in der vorliegenden Studie enthaltene Material bei zukunftigen Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung der Wechselwirkung zwischen genetischer Herkunft und Endospermgenotyp in der Starkebiosynthese und der Starkeeigenschaften wertvoll sein werden.

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Development of “Amylomaize”—Corn Hybrids With High Amylose Starch: II. Results of Breeding Efforts¹

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

SSR loci potentially associated with high amylopectine content in maize kernel endosperm

The Interaction of Endosperm Genotype and Genetic Background. Part I. Differences in Chromatographic Profiles of Starches from Nonmutant and Mutant Endosperms

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Development of “Amylomaize”—Corn Hybrids With High Amylose Starch: II. Results of Breeding Efforts1

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose‐Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

SSR loci potentially associated with high amylopectine content in maize kernel endosperm

The Interaction of Endosperm Genotype and Genetic Background. Part I. Differences in Chromatographic Profiles of Starches from Nonmutant and Mutant Endosperms

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Development of “Amylomaize”—Corn Hybrids With High Amylose Starch: II. Results of Breeding Efforts¹