Development of advanced tritium breeding material with added lithium for ITER-TBM

Hoshino, Tsuyoshi; Kato, Kenichi; Natori, Yuri; Oikawa, Fumiaki; Nakano, Natsuko; Nakamura, Mutsumi; Sasaki, Kazuya; Suzuki, Akihiro; Terai, Takayuki; Tatenuma, Katsuyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.128

Cited by 55 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The presence of lithium in glassy phases cannot be ruled out, however reported Li-Si glass systems are significantly richer in Si than the phases investigated in the present work, and hence their formation would not account for the lack of orthosilicate phase in compositions studied here relative to the target compositions [74,75], moreover one would expect rapid devitrification of these systems to result from the applied thermal treatments [76]. In materials fabricated using the present methods with a hydroxide precursor, from analysis of liquid formation temperature, at which the metasilicate phase is observed to melt, it can be inferred that the loss of lithium in the L2S composition was in the region of ~5% This implies that the use of excess lithium as employed by Hoshino et al [1,4,77] can be used to correct for this occurrence and facilitate the attainment of biphasic metatitanate-orthosilicate mixtures. It should be noted that the precise loss of lithium and the excess lithium necessary to correct for this is dependent on specimen parameters and firing conditions.…”

Section: Synthesis Route and LI Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 65%

“…A key component of the ITER thermonuclear demonstrator reactor is the helium cooled pebble bed (HCPB) breeding blanket that utilises Li bearing ceramic pebbles for tritium breeding purposes [1][2][3]. Numerous candidate oxide compounds have been studied towards this goal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Material requirements include adequate thermo-mechanical stability, low activation levels, and sufficiently high lithium density. In recent years lithium metatitanate (Li 2 TiO 3 ) and lithium orthosilicate (Li 4 SiO 4 ), in some cases with Li excess [4][5][6][7], have emerged as leading HCPB candidate materials, as these compounds are found to exhibit low activation relative to earlier studied compositions of Li 2 ZrO 3 and LiAlO 2 while maintaining favourable thermo-mechanical properties [1,[8][9][10]. The properties exhibited by candidate pebble bed materials are the subject of intensive investigation and review as these are critical to the viability and performance of the numerous solid breeder conceptual designs [11].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li2TiO3–Li4SiO4 system

Hanaor

Kolb

Gan

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Abstract:As candidate tritium breeder materials for use in the ITER helium cooled pebble bed, ceramic multiphasic compounds lying in the region of the quasi-binary lithium metatitanate-lithium orthosilicate system may exhibit mechanical and physical advantages relative to single phase materials. Here we present an organometallic solution-based synthesis procedure for the low-temperature fabrication of compounds in the Li 2 TiO 3 -Li 4 SiO 4 region and investigate phase stability and transformations through temperature varied X-ray diffraction and scanning calorimetry. Results demonstrate that the metatitanate and metasilicate phases Li 2 TiO 3 and Li 2 SiO 3 readily crystallise in nanocrystalline form at temperatures below 180°C. Lithium deficiency in the region of 5% results from Li sublimation from Li 4 SiO 4 and/or from excess Li incorporation in the metatitanate phase and brings about a stoichiometry shift and product compounds with mixed lithium orthosilicate/ metasilicate content towards the Si rich region and predominantly Li 2 TiO 3 content towards the Ti rich region. Above 1150°C the transformation of monoclinic to cubic γ-Li 2 TiO 3 disordered solid-solution occurs while the melting of silicate phases indicates a likely monotectic type system with a solidus line in the region 1050°-1100°C. Synthesis procedures involving a lithium chloride precursor are not likely to be a viable option for breeder pebble synthesis as this route was found to yield materials with a more significant Li-deficiency exhibiting the crystallisation of the Li 2 TiSiO 5 phase at intermediate compositions.

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Section: Synthesis Route and LI Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 65%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li2TiO3–Li4SiO4 system

Hanaor

Kolb

Gan

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…The temperature gradient in the solid breeder blanket (BB) varies between 300 and 800°C [7], where the main cause of warming is due to nuclear reactions. However, the Li ?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, Li 2 TiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 have been regarded as the most promising candidates as they exhibit low activation, favorable thermo-mechanical properties [6,7]. However, neither Li 2 TiO 3 nor Li 4 SiO 4 stands out satisfying all the crucial criteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of Li2TiO3–Li4SiO4 Pebbles for Tritium Breeder

Xiang

Zhang

et al. 2015

J Fusion Energ

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Lithium based ceramics have been regarded as the promising ceramic breeders of the test blanket modules. As lithium burn-up of ceramic pebbles in the fusion reactor will be limited to about 15 % due to Li transmutation. The phase and composition (Li ? transferring process) of Li 2 TiO 3 -Li 4 SiO 4 ceramic pebbles with a certain amount of Li loss (-xLi 2 TiO 3 and -xLi 4 SiO 4 , x = 0, 5, 10, 20 %, molar ratio) were simulated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometer for the first time. The results showed that the Li ? of Li 4 SiO 4 could move to Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to form Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 2 TiO 3 as the octahedral (16c) sites of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 are empty. In order to tailor the properties for optimization, 20 % Li 2 TiO 3 -80 % Li 4 SiO 4 pebbles were fabricated by a graphite bed process. In combining these materials, the pebbles obtained reasonable pores, small grains, and relative high crush load.

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