Development of advanced nickel/metal hydride batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles

Gifford, P. R.; Adams, John; Corrigan, Dennis A.; Venkatesan, S.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00070-1

Cited by 109 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Unfortunately, thus far, few kinds of batteries can meet all the requirements for EVs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the case of lithium-ion batteries, their use in EVs is still handicapped by significant safety problems, although their other performance attributes are often satisfactory. The main problem is that they use flammable organic electrolytes, which cannot withstand improper use, such as overcharging or short-circuiting, although much effort has been expended in this direction.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Battery with Good Cycling Performance

et al. 2006

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The development of the world economy and the consequent increase in traffic means that increasing numbers of heavy fuel-powered vehicles are appearing on our roads, resulting in greater pollution of the environment. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a new, developing trend in the world automotive industry, and an important tool for reducing CO 2 emissions and protecting the environment. EVs must first and foremost be safe and reliable, and must operate with acceptable costs. Unfortunately, thus far, few kinds of batteries can meet all the requirements for EVs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the case of lithium-ion batteries, their use in EVs is still handicapped by significant safety problems, although their other performance attributes are often satisfactory. The main problem is that they use flammable organic electrolytes, which cannot withstand improper use, such as overcharging or short-circuiting, although much effort has been expended in this direction. [4] The development of new types of "green" battery materials and safer, less-expensive rechargeable systems is therefore necessary.In the mid 1990s, a new type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery with an aqueous electrolyte was reported. [9,10] This battery uses lithium-intercalation compounds such as LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 0.81 Co 0.19 O 2 , and VO 2 as the electrode material and an alkaline or neutral aqueous electrolyte, [9][10][11] and can overcome the disadvantages of nonaqueous lithium-ion batteries, such as high cost and safety problems. However, since its cycling was reported to be very poor it failed to attract strong interest from researchers.Here we report that an aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) with LiCoO 2 as the positive electrode, LiV 3 O 8 as the negative electrode, and saturated LiNO 3 solution as the electrolyte shows good cycling and therefore shows promise as a power source for safe EVs.The cyclic voltammograms of LiV 3 O 8 and LiCoO 2 in saturated LiNO 3 aqueous electrolyte are shown in Figure 1. In the case of LiV 3 O 8 , there is one pair of redox peaks located at À0.19 (red. 1) and 0.098 V (ox. 1) versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which is evidently due to the intercalation and deintercalation reaction accompanying gain and loss of an electron. The average redox potential is À0.046 V (versus SCE). Since hydrogen evolution was observed at a more negative potential due to overpotential (ca. À1.0 V versus SCE), it is clear that LiV 3 O 8 is very stable in this aqueous electrolyte and can be used as a negative electrode material without significant hydrogen evolution. LiCoO 2 also exhibits one pair of Li + intercalation and deintercalation peaks at 0.8 (red. 2) and 1.35 V (ox. 2) versus SCE, respectively (average redox potential of 1.075 V versus SCE). These voltages are also lower than that for oxygen evolution, which is at approximately 1.8 V versus SCE. This illustrates that the positive electrode is also stable in this aqueous solution.The charge and discharge curves of LiV 3 O 8 //LiCoO 2 cells in the first cycle in organic ...

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An Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Battery with Good Cycling Performance

et al. 2006

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“…Despite great efforts by researchers and manufacturers, the cost of state of the art batteries suitable for vehicular application is still high [5][6][7]. Apart from their cost, batteries also suffer technical drawbacks such as low power to weight ratio, low energy density, high demand for temperature control, and uncertainty of lifetime with vehicular usage [8,9]. Given that HEVs require batteries, the question was raised whether it was possible to use some other type of secondary energy storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical hybrid vehicle: An investigation of a flywheel-based vehicular regenerative energy capture system

Diego‐Ayala

Martinez-Gonzalez

McGlashan

et al. 2008

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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The mechanical hybrid vehicle: an investigation of a flywheel-based vehicular regenerative energy capture system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 222(11), pp. 2087-2101. doi: 10.1243 This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Abstract: Capturing braking energy by regeneration into an on board energy storage unit, offers the potential to reduce significantly the fuel consumption of vehicles. A common technique is to generate electricity in the motors of a hybrid electric vehicle when braking, and use this to charge an on board electrochemical battery. However, such batteries are costly, bulky and generally not amenable to fast charging as this affects battery life and capacity. In order to overcome these problems, a mechanical energy storage system capable of accepting and delivering surges of power is proposed and investigated. A scale physical model of the system, based around a flywheel, a planetary gear set and a brake, was built and operated in a laboratory. Tests showed that the proposed system could be used to store and provide braking energy between a flywheel and a vehicle, the latter emulated by an air-drag dynamometer. This validated the operating principle of the system and its computational model. Further, a computational analysis of a full size vehicle incorporating the mechanical energy storage system was conducted. The results showed that the utilisation of this system in a vehicle, when compared to a conventional vehicle, led to reductions in emissions and fuel consumption. PermanentKeywords: regenerative braking, braking energy, hybrid vehicle, planetary gear set, epicyclic, flywheel.

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“…As baterias de níquel-hidreto metálico estão tornando-se competitivas no mercado para uso em computadores, telefones celulares e outros aparelhos portáteis, onde existe necessidade de alta densidade de energia. Baterias de níquel-hidreto metá-lico de grande tamanho estão sendo apreciadas para o uso em veículos elétricos, onde alta energia específica e bom ciclo de vida são requisitos para um bom desempenho [2][3][4][5][6] . .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Baterias de níquel-hidreto metálico, uma alternativa para as baterias de níquel-cádmio

Ambrosio

Ticianelli

2001

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 26/4/00; aceito em 9/8/00 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES, AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES. Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries have emerged as an alternative for replacement of nickel-cadmium batteries, because of their more environmental compatibility and high energy capacity. In this article, we described the properties and applications for Ni-MH batteries, giving some emphasis on the metal-hydride electrode, including the description of composition, the charge storage capacity and the discharge profile. The key component of the nickel-metal hydride electrode is a hydrogen storage alloy whose composition is formulated to obtain a high stable material over a large number of charge-discharge cycles.Keywords: metal-hydride batteries; hydrogen storage alloys; environmental protection. Quim. Nova, Vol. 24, No. 2, 243-246, 2001. Divulgação INTRODUÇÃOA necessidade de se desenvolver baterias de alta densidade de energia tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Com o advento dos veículos elétricos, micro computadores, telefones celulares e outros aparelhos portáteis, esta necessidade tornase mais urgente. Embora o "design" das baterias convencionais baseadas nos sistemas níquel-cádmio e chumbo-ácido, tenha sido aperfeiçoado nos últimos anos, adequando-as para o uso em aparelhos portáteis, problemas com o descarte de baterias contendo cádmio e chumbo demonstram a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de armazenamento de energia. As baterias de níquel-hidreto metálico (Ni-MH) podem ser consideradas como as sucessoras das baterias de níquel-cádmio, com a vantagem de não conterem metais pesados tóxicos em sua composição, e de possuírem maior densidade de energia 1 . Além disso são consideradas ecologicamente mais corretas pois podem reduzir os problemas associados com o descarte de baterias de níquel recarregáveis.A bateria de níquel-hidreto metálico (Ni-MH) é uma tecnologia relativamente nova que apresenta características operacionais similares às da bateria de níquel-cádmio 2 . Sua principal diferença consiste no uso de hidrogênio absorvido em uma liga, na forma de hidreto metálico, como material ativo no eletrodo negativo, ao invés de cádmio utilizado nas baterias de níquel-cádmio 2 . O eletrodo de hidreto metálico apresenta uma maior densidade de energia que um eletrodo de cádmio, portanto a massa de material ativo para o eletrodo negativo usado em uma bateria de níquel-hidreto metáli-co pode ser menor que a usada em baterias de níquel-cádmio 2 . Isto também permite que se possa utilizar uma maior quantidade de material ativo para o eletrodo positivo, o que resulta em uma maior capacidade ou tempo de descarga para esta bateria.A maioria das características operacionais das baterias seladas de níquel-hidreto metálico são similares às das baterias de níquel-cádmio. As similaridades no que diz respeito à voltagem da célula, à pressão característica e aos métodos de controle de carga sugerem que o sistema Ni-MH deverá continuar tomando uma boa fração do mercado de outras células recarregáve...

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Development of advanced nickel/metal hydride batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles

Cited by 109 publications

References 4 publications

An Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Battery with Good Cycling Performance

An Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Battery with Good Cycling Performance

The mechanical hybrid vehicle: An investigation of a flywheel-based vehicular regenerative energy capture system

Baterias de níquel-hidreto metálico, uma alternativa para as baterias de níquel-cádmio

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