Development of Advance Extraction Methods for the Extraction of Myristicin from Myristica fragrans

Abstract

Myristicin in a psychoactive, hallucinogenic substance and as a constituent of nutmeg and mace (Myristica fragrans nut and its aril, respectively) is widely available for people seeking so-called legal highs of natural origin. In this work, we present three methods for determination of myristicin from plant material. The methods consist of optimized extraction procedures: microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction utilizing ultrasound bath or sonotrode and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis method. The methods were validated: repeatability and intermediate were below 10 % and recovery ranged from 97 to 109 %. The developed methods were then used for determination of myristicin in commercially available nutmeg and mace samples. The concentration ranged from 0.58 to 12.94 μg mg −1 , and the highest concentration of myristicin was observed in samples of those producers, which are often recommended by individuals experimenting with nutmeg. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method has been proven to be the most effective one for the extraction of myristicin from plant material, as it also generates deeper changes in sample structure than UAE techniques. The MAE/GC-MS method was successfully used for nutmeg residue analysis, allowing identification of five characteristic violate constituents of nutmeg.

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

“…Plant Materials (Multiple Plants in Single Studies): 2016 review of the immunoassay challenges in detection of unusual substances such as Magic Mushroom, Peyote Cactus, Khat, and Solvent Abuse [ 539 ]; HPTLC -ESI-MS for profiling of alkaloid-rich herbal drugs [ 833 ]; DART-HRMS for spectral profiling of biological material including Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed) [ 834 ]; GC-MS determination of the myristicin, psychoactive, hallucinogenic substance from plant material [ 835 ]; review of adulterants in herbal medications [ 836 ]; 2017 development and validation of a tetraplex multiplex real-time PCR assay used to simultaneously identify morning glory, jimson weed, Hawaiian woodrose, and marijuana [ 837 ]; spectrum-effect relationships between HPLC-DAD fingerprint and analgesic activity of Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher (Solanaceae) (AT) root [ 838 ]; supercritical fluid extraction of carbon dioxide extraction method to isolate bioactive components from variety of plant materials [ 839 ]; review of herbal highs [ 537 ]; identification of synthetic indazole-3-carboxamide cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in seized plant material using LC-HR/MS, GC-EI/MS, NMR spectroscopy and FTIR [ 840 ]; 2018 anti-nociceptive mechanisms of flavonoids-rich methanolic extract from Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.)…”

Getting high with the most high: Entheogens in the Old Testament

“…The only thought going through my head at this time was, what a wonderful life I have. (Biologyguy, 2013) This description suggests MDMA, which makes sense given that components include elemicin, eugenol, and safrole (Nowak, Woźniakiewicz, Gładysz, Sowa, & Kościelniak, 2016). All of these are related to MDMA, and are found in the Holy Ointment.…”

Improvement of Oleoresin Extraction Effectivenesss in Nutmeg by Ultrasound Assisted Method

“…Penentuan umur panen buah pala dilakukan dengan menganalisis komponen penyusun oleoresin pala menggunakan alat GC-MS. Berdasarkan analisis GC-MS didapatkan bahwa buah pala yang dipanen pada umur 7-9 bulan merupakan umur panen terbaik dengan melihat komponen penyusun utama oleoresin pala yaitu Myristicin (Rodianawati 2010& Novak et al 2015. Komponen myristicin tertinggi didapatkan pada buah pala dengan umur panen 7-9 bulan yaitu sebanyak 40.33%, sedangkan pada buah pala yang dipanen pada 5-6 bulan didapatkan komponen myristicin sebanyak 24.28 %.…”