Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye

Kirby, Margaret L.; Diab, Ihsan M.; Mattio, Thomas G.

doi:10.1002/ar.1091910304

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…VMAT2 has an affinity for serotonin, dopamine, nor-adrenaline, and adrenaline (Peter et al 1994), and so, cannot be used as an exclusion marker. In fact, early studies of sympathetic innervation of the chicken eye were based on fluorescence-histochemical methods that did not discriminate between the different catecholamines (Ehinger 1967; Guglielmone and Cantino 1982; Kirby et al 1978); therefore, it is unknown which catecholamines are used by the sympathetics in chicken eyes. Although it remains possible that the absence of DBH labeling in the chick eye could be due to antigen incompatibility, it is possible that the chick system using dopamine or serotonin instead of noradrenaline, in regulation of the homeostasis of the posterior uvea (Ohngemach et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input

Stübinger

Brehmer

Neuhuber

et al. 2010

Histochem Cell Biol

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Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICNs) exist in some primates and bird species. They may act on both vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle cells, potentially influencing choroidal blood flow. Here, we report on the chemical coding of ICNs and eye-related cranial ganglia in the chicken, an important model in myopia research, and further to determine synaptic input onto ICN. Chicken choroid, ciliary, superior cervical, pterygopalatine, and trigeminal ganglia were prepared for double or triple immunohistochemistry of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), dopamine-β-hydroxylase, galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), somatostatin (SOM), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), vesicular monoamine-transporter 2 (VMAT2), and α-smooth muscle actin. For documentation, light, fluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used. Chicken ICNs express nNOS/VIP/GAL and do not express ChAT and SOM. ICNs are approached by TH/VMAT2-, CGRP-, and ChAT-positive nerve fibers. About 50% of the pterygopalatine ganglion neurons and about 9% of the superior cervical ganglion neurons share the same chemical code as ICN. SOM-positive neurons in the ciliary ganglion are GAL/NOS negative. CGRP-positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion lack GAL/SOM. The neurochemical phenotype and synaptic input of ICNs in chicken resemble that of other bird and primate species. Because ICNs lack cholinergic markers, they cannot be readily incorporated into current concepts of the autonomic nervous system. The data obtained provide the basis for the interpretation of future functional experiments to clarify the role of these cells in achieving ocular homeostasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input

Stübinger

Brehmer

Neuhuber

et al. 2010

Histochem Cell Biol

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“…The sympathetic innervation of the choroid comes from the superior cervical ganglion (Kirby et al, 1978; Guglielmone and Cantino, 1982; Bill, 1985). These noradrenergic neurons terminate on the blood vessels and mediate vasoconstriction.…”

Section: Structure and “Classical” Functions Of The Choroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multifunctional choroid

Nickla

Wallman

2010

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

1,490

1,386

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The choroid of the eye is primarily a vascular structure supplying the outer retina. It has several unusual features: It contains large membrane-lined lacunae, which, at least in birds, function as part of the lymphatic drainage of the eye and which can change their volume dramatically, thereby changing the thickness of the choroid as much as four-fold over a few days (much less in primates). It contains non-vascular smooth muscle cells, especially behind the fovea, the contraction of which may thin the choroid, thereby opposing the thickening caused by expansion of the lacunae. It has intrinsic choroidal neurons, also mostly behind the central retina, which may control these muscles and may modulate choroidal blood-flow as well. These neurons receive sympathetic, parasympathetic and nitrergic innervation. The choroid has several functions: Its vasculature is the major supply for the outer retina; impairment of the flow of oxygen from choroid to retina may cause Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The choroidal blood flow, which is as great as in any other organ, may also cool and warm the retina. In addition to its vascular functions, the choroid contains secretory cells, probably involved in modulation of vascularization and in growth of the sclera. Finally, the dramatic changes in choroidal thickness move the retina forward and back, bringing the photoreceptors into the plane of focus, a function demonstrated by the thinning of the choroid that occurs when the focal plane is moved back by the wearing of negative lenses, and, conversely, by the thickening that occurs when positive lenses are worn. In addition to focusing the eye, more slowly than accommodation and more quickly than emmetropization, we argue that the choroidal thickness changes also are correlated with changes in the growth of the sclera, and hence of the eye. Because transient increases in choroidal thickness are followed by a prolonged decrease in synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules and a slowing of ocular elongation, and attempts to decouple the choroidal and scleral changes have largely failed, it seems that the thickening of the choroid may be mechanistically linked to the scleral synthesis of macromolecules, and thus may play an important role in the homeostatic control of eye growth, and, consequently, in the etiology of myopia and hyperopia.

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“…Since TH and DBH, in particular if co-localised, can be considered specific markers for adrenergic neurons also in birds (Yurkewicz et al 1981;Moons et al 1995), these findings indicate that ICN are innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. The source of sympathetic innervation to the eye is located in the superior cervical ganglion, in birds and in mammals (Kirby et al 1978;Guglielmone and Cantino 1982;ten Tuscher et al 1994). We have previously demonstrated that, from extrinsic sources supplying the eye in Cairina moschata (pterygopalatine, ciliary, and superior cervical ganglia), TH-immunoreactive neurons are only detectable by immunohistochemistry in the superior cervical ganglion (Schrödl et al 2000).…”

Section: General Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

Schrödl

Tines²,

Brehmer³

et al. 2001

Cell and Tissue Research

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Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in the duck eye form an intramural ganglionic plexus that may subserve complex integrative functions. A key feature of such ganglia is an innervation by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. The present study was thus aimed at determining the sympathetic postganglionic innervation of ICN. Choroids were processed for double immunofluorescence labelling with the following markers: tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)/nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), TH/galanin (GAL), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), TH/DBH and DBH/alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alphaSMA), and for triple immunofluorescence labelling with VIP/DBH/TH. Epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used for evaluation. Immunoperoxidase staining for TH or DBH in combination with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was applied for electron microscopy. ICN spread over the entire choroid but were concentrated in an equatorial zone passing obliquely from naso-cranial to temporocaudal. More than 80% of nNOS-positive ICN showed close appositions of TH/DBH-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres at the light-microscopic level, as could be confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Ultrastructurally, these appositions could be defined as both synapses or close contacts without synaptic specialisation. Vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle fibres also received TH/DBH-immunopositive innervation. Our findings suggest that most ICN receive a sympathetic input that might modulate their nitrergic effects upon vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle fibres in the choroid and that they may have more complex functions than merely being a simple parasympathetic relay.

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Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input

The multifunctional choroid

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

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