Development of a vaporization system for direct determination of chlorine in petroleum coke by ICP-MS

Application of direct solid sample analysis for the determination of chlorine in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…The carrier (internal) gas flow-rate exerted a significant influence on the analytical signal, as also observed by Antes et al [6]. The analytical signal was found to be maximum at a carrier gas flow-rate of 0.7 L min −1 (Fig.…”

“…Sample preparation must be carefully conducted in order to avoid contamination and analyte loss; acid digestion, which is most frequently used as a sample pre-treatment procedure, is not recommended due to the formation of HCl, which can be lost by volatilization. Alternative strategies have been employed such as pyrohydrolysis and combustion techniques using customized combustion flasks, the Schöniger combustion flask, microwaveinduced combustion and direct sample analysis [4][5][6].…”

“…The main difficulty associated to instrumental Cl determination resides in the poor sensitivity that characterizes the majority of the aforementioned analytical techniques, in addition to considerable risk of interference, low analytical throughput and, on occasions, high analytical cost [7][8][9]. Spectrometric techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [5,6] and high-resolution molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS MAS) [10] may also be employed to determine Cl in a variety of samples, although the application of these techniques to halogens determination is restricted to a few examples given in the literature.…”

“…However, the quantification of this group of elements may be negatively affected by their high ionization energies, as well as severe memory effect that is frequently associated to sample introduction using nebulizers [4][5][6]. In order to overcome these difficulties, alternative sample introduction devices, such as laser ablation [12,13] and other direct solid sample analysis systems using lab-made vaporization systems [6] have been employed.…”

“…Application of direct solid sample analysis using electrothermal vaporization (SS-ETV) ICP-MS for Cl determination has been described only twice, in a work by Yan et al [5] in aqueous standards and by Antes et al [6]. In the latter case, the authors applied standard addition calibration to determine Cl in petroleum coke samples using a lab-made SS-ETV device, based on enclosure of a high-power lamp in a glass chamber.…”