Development of a test method for distillation of diesel-biodiesel-alcohols mixtures at reduced pressure

Review on the Use of Diesel–Biodiesel–Alcohol Blends in Compression Ignition Engines

“…The third generation of bio-fuel feedstocks are usually considered to be algal biomass [36]. However, some authors consider algae as part of the "second-generation" feedstock biofuels [37]. On this particular subject, the scientific community does not seem to have reached an agreement.…”

“…"Second generation" feedstocks include lignocellulose and non-edible triglycerides (e.g., different vegetable and animal wastes, Jatropha), which are processed via the catalytic hydro-processing of triglycerides, and the thermal conversion (gasification and pyrolysis) of lignocelluloses [37].…”

“…It began to be viewed as an automotive fuel at the end of the 19th century. Ethanol has two main industrial production pathways: (i) the reaction of ethane with steam, and (ii) alcoholic fermentation and distillation from renewable bio-organic materials; additionally, for second generation bio-ethanol, new production methodologies; namely, pre-treatment and hydrolysis [2,37].…”

“…Nevertheless, the cost of the enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose is a limiting factor [36]. The existing variants of second-generation bioethanol production methods are: pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation [26,36,37].…”

“…Evaporation characteristics directly influence the spray structure, and have consequences on the air-fuel mixture preparation. The volatility characteristics are described by using the vapor pressure and distillation curves, which are affected by intermolecular interactions [37]. The volatility of the fuel, in other words, the distillation properties, significantly affect fuel spray penetration and mixture formation [82].…”