Development of a sustainable multianalyte MEKC method for quantitation of the antihyperlipidemic drugs ezetimibe together with three statins. Greenness and whiteness appraisal studies

Abstract

Implementing powerful and sustainable research that complies with green analytical chemistry (GAC) and white analytical chemistry (WAC) fundamentals can downsize the environmental compliance costs and fruitfully affects practical and economic issues. Within this framework, rapid and white analytical micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) methodology was developed for the synchronized estimation of the antihyperlipidemic drugs Ezetimibe (EZE), Atorvastatin (ATO), Rosuvastatin (ROS) and Simvastatin (SIM). The technique was established using fused silica capillary (50 cm, 50 µm id) and the background electrolyte was 0.025 M borate buffer pH 9.2 containing 0.025 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10% v/v acetonitrile as the organic modifier. Diode array detector was adjusted at 243 nm for ATO and ROS and 237 nm for EZE and SIM. Separation was accomplished within 10 min with migration times of 4.12, 5.42, 8.23 and 8.74 min for ROS, ATO, EZE and SIM respectively. The 4 drugs were quantitated in the concentration range of 10–100 μg/mL and the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9993. The high sensitivity was illustrated by values of the detection and quantitation limits. The limits of detection for ROS, ATO, EZE and SIM were 0.52, 0.75, 0.42 and 0.64 μg/mL, respectively, whereas, the limits of quantitation values were 1.73, 2.50, 1.40 and 2.13 μg/mL for the studied drugs, respectively. In addition to validation, as reported by the ICH guidelines, greenness and whiteness assessment using the novel AGREE calculator and the holistic functionality model RGB12 were performed. The results proved the efficiency and whiteness of the suggested technique to be routinely implemented in quality control laboratories for the assay of the four drugs and the binary mixtures of EZE with either ATO, ROS or SIM in fixed-dose combined tablets.

Capillary Electrophoresis: A Three-Year Literature Review

“…Typically, nonchiral drugs and their related substances/impurities were predominantly determined with CZE, while chiral separations and optical purity testing were mostly resolved with EKC-based methods (as summarized in the previous Enantiomers section). When dealing with complex samples or those with a complex matrix, MEKC can be utilized to enhance separation selectivity. − Additionally, several innovative (micro)­extraction strategies such as hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, direct immersion-single drop microextraction, and electromembrane extraction, along with online stacking techniques such as ITP, FASS, and dynamic pH junction focusing, are frequently used in CE pharmaceutical analysis to improve the detection sensitivity.…”