Development of a Simulation Model for HMT of a 50 kW Class Agricultural Tractor

Baek, Seung-Min; Kim, Wansoo; Kim, Yeonsoo; Baek, Seung-Yun; Kim, Yong Joo

doi:10.3390/app10124064

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…The theoretical analysis results are consistent with the measured results in the test in terms of the change trend, with small errors. We evaluated the closeness degree of the theoretical characteristics to the measured characteristics using Equations ( 4) and (5). The results show that the coefficient of determination 2 R was 0.92, and the mean absolute percentage error MAPE was 12.56%.…”

Section: Results Of the Test Of The Tractor Hst Adjustable Speed Characteristics And Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on Load Disturbance Based Variable Speed PID Control and a Novel Denoising Method Based Effect Evaluation of HST for Agricultural Machinery

Cheng

2021

Agriculture

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This paper aims to realize and improve the constant speed control performance of tractors with HST (Hydrostatic Transmission) variable speed units. To achieve this, based on the HST test bench of the tractor, we perform a verification test of the adjustable speed characteristics, a denoising filter test of the response signal, a test on the influence of the load disturbance on the adjustable speed characteristics and a PID-based constant speed performance detection test. The results of the verification test of the adjustable speed characteristics show that the theoretical value and actual value of the adjustable speed transmission characteristics of the HST used are essentially consistent with each other. The results of the test of the load disturbance’s influence on the adjustable speed characteristics show that the increase in load torque inhibits the HST output response. Therefore, the paper proposes and designs a PID-based closed-loop constant speed control system. The paper uses a step response test and a load disturbance test to research the control result of the constant speed system. Collecting and analyzing all test results, we find that the constant speed control based on PID has a very good result. The average error between the average HST output speed and the target speed set was 0.37%, and the average standard deviation of output speed was 1.18 rpm. In addition, the paper proposes a denoising method combing the empirical mode decomposition method and the Gaussian distribution determination. The method shows that the first two orders of the components of the HST response signal should be removed as noise. The paper uses the denoised signal and the partial least squares method to analyze the influencing factors of the constant speed control result. The analysis results show that the rate of change of load torque has the biggest influence on the stability of HST output speed, followed by the target value.

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Section: Results Of the Test Of The Tractor Hst Adjustable Speed Characteristics And Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the continuous development of agricultural modernization and intelligence levels, studies on the techniques of agricultural machinery, such as tractors, are increasingly improved [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Tractors generally work in the conditions of severe environment and variable load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Load Disturbance Based Variable Speed PID Control and a Novel Denoising Method Based Effect Evaluation of HST for Agricultural Machinery

Cheng

2021

Agriculture

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“…In addition, several researchers proved the reliability of the simulation method based on comfortability, easier, and convenience. The simulation method, which has also been reliable to conduct the performance, design, estimation, and evaluation [35] of the agricultural machinery, reduce labor cost and time-consuming instead of field experiment [36]. The results revealed that the PTO dynamometer can easily control the engine load to estimate fuel consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Siddique

Baek

et al. 2021

Agriculture

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This study is focused on the estimation of fuel consumption of the power-shift transmission (PST) tractor based on PTO (power take-off) dynamometer test. The simulation model of PST tractor was developed using the configurations and powertrain of the real PST tractor. The PTO dynamometer was installed to measure the engine load and fuel consumption at various engine load levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%), and verify the simulation model. The axle load was also predicted using tractor’s specifications as an input parameter of the simulation model. The simulation and measured results were analyzed and compared statistically. It was observed that the engine load, as well as fuel consumption, were directly proportional to the engine load levels. However, it was statistically proved that there was no significant difference between the simulation and measured engine torque and fuel consumption at each load level. The regression equations show that there was an exponential relationship between the fuel consumption and engine load levels. However, the specific fuel consumptions (SFC) for both simulation and measured were linear relationships and had no significant difference between them at each engine load level. The results were statistically proved that the simulation and measured SFCs were similar trends. The plow tillage operation could be performed at the gear stage of 7.65 km/h with higher working efficiency at low fuel consumption. The drawback of this study is to use a constant axle load instead of dynamic load. This study can provide useful information for both researchers and manufacturers related to the automated transmission of an agricultural tractor, especially PST tractor for digital farming solutions. Finally, it could contribute to the manufacturers developing a new agricultural tractor with higher fuel efficiency.

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“…Advanced technologies such as autonomous, artificial intelligence are applying in the agricultural tractors considering driving comfort, working efficiency, and precision farming [ 1 ]. To confirm the users’ flexibility, precise work, and maximum available power in all conditions during operations, several researchers and manufacturers are developing numerous powertrain system that has included the manual transmission (MT), automatic transmission (AT), dual-clutch transmission (DCT), continuously variable transmission (CVT), and power-shift transmission (PST) for agricultural tractors [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HST (Hydrostatic Transmission) has a low efficiency of less than 70% and comparatively costly [ 2 ]. In the case of HMT (Hydro Mechanical Transmission), the overall efficiency is approximately 80~85% [ 2 , 7 ], and smoothly transmits the power, which applies to the high-power vehicles. Therefore, a PST model was proposed in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor

Siddique

Kim

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The objective of this study is the simulation of the most affected design factors and variables of the clutch pack for the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor based measured data. The simulation model, the mathematical model of sliding velocity, a moment of inertia, and clutch engagement pressure of clutch pack were developed using the powertrain and configurations of the real PST tractor. In this study, the sensor fusion method was used to precisely measure the proportional valve pressure by test bench, which was applied to the simulation model. The clutch engagement times were found 1.20 s at all temperatures for determined factors. The engagement pressures have a significant difference at various temperatures (25 to 100 °C) of the hydraulic oils after the 1.20 s but the most affected factors were satisfied with the simulation conditions that ensure the clutch engagement on time. Finally, this sensor fusion method is believed to be helpful in realizing precision agriculture through minimization of power loss and maximum energy efficiency of tractors.

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Development of a Simulation Model for HMT of a 50 kW Class Agricultural Tractor

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Research on Load Disturbance Based Variable Speed PID Control and a Novel Denoising Method Based Effect Evaluation of HST for Agricultural Machinery

Research on Load Disturbance Based Variable Speed PID Control and a Novel Denoising Method Based Effect Evaluation of HST for Agricultural Machinery

Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor

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