Development of a simple gel permeation clean-up procedure coupled to a rapid disequilibrium enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Sudan I dye in spices and sauces

Abstract

Sudan dyes have been found to be added to chilli and chilli products for illegal colour enhancement purposes. Due to the possible carcinogenic effect, they are not authorized to be used in food in the European Union or the USA. However, over the last few years, many products imported from Asian and African countries have been reported via the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in the European Union to be contaminated with these dyes. In order to provide fast screening method for the detection of Sudan I (SI), which is the most widely abused member of Sudan dyes family, a unique (20 min without sample preparation) direct disequilibrium enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. The assay was based on polyclonal antibodies highly specific to SI. A novel, simple gel permeation chromatography clean-up method was developed to purify extracts from matrices containing high amounts of fat and natural pigments, without the need for a large dilution of the sample. The assay was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. The detection capability was determined to be 15 ng g(-1) in sauces and 50 ng g(-1) in spices. The recoveries found ranged from 81% to 116% and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation from 6% to 20%. The assay was used to screen a range of products (85 samples) collected from different retail sources within and outside the European Union. Three samples were found to contain high amounts (1,649, 722 and 1,461 ng g(-1)) of SI by ELISA. These results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The innovative procedure allows for the fast, sensitive and high throughput screening of different foodstuffs for the presence of the illegal colorant SI.

A novel conducting poly(p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid)-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of Sudan I and its application for detection in food stuffs

“…To date, there have been many methods for the determination of Sudan I, including liquid chromatography (Chailapakul et al, 2008;Qi, Zeng, Wen, Liang, & Zhang, 2011;Qiao, Geng, He, Wu, & Pan, 2011;Xin et al, 2011;Yan et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012), capillary electrophoresis (Mejia, Ding, Mora, & Garcia, 2007), immunoassay (Chang et al, 2011;Oplatowska, Stevenson, Schulz, Hartig, & Elliott, 2011;Wang, Yang, Ga, & Deng, 2011), high-resolution 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (Anibal, Ruisánchez, & Callao, 2011), partial filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography (Fukuji, Castro-Puyana, Tavares, & Cifuentes, 2011), and plasmon resonance light scattering (Wu, Li, Huang, & Zhang, 2006). The determination of Sudan I using these techniques shows high sensitivity, but they require expensive instruments, pre-treatment steps, skilled operators, and large quantity of organic solvents.…”

Production of the monoclonal antibody against Sudan 4 for multi-immunoassay of Sudan dyes in egg

“…However, most of the authors produced the antibodies against S1 and the obtained antibodies could only detect one (Han et al, 2007;Oplatowska et al, 2011), two (Xu, Wei et al, 2010;Xu, Zhang et al, 2010), three (Ju et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009) or at most four of the six analytes (Anfossi et al, 2009). The authors of the present paper have produced the antibody against PR for simultaneous determination of the six red dyes (Chang et al, 2011).…”

“…There have been some researchers developing ELISA method for the determination of Sudan dyes in various foodstuffs (Anfossi, Baggiani, Giovannoli, & Giraudi, 2009;Chang et al, 2011;Han et al, 2007;Ju, Tang, Fan, & Chen, 2008;Oplatowska, Stevenson, Schulz, & Elloitt, 2011;Wang et al, 2009;Xu, Wei et al, 2010;Xu, Zhang et al, 2010). However, most of the authors produced the antibodies against S1 and the obtained antibodies could only detect one (Han et al, 2007;Oplatowska et al, 2011), two (Xu, Wei et al, 2010;Xu, Zhang et al, 2010), three (Ju et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009) or at most four of the six analytes (Anfossi et al, 2009).…”

Towards SERS based applications in food analytics: Lipophilic sensor layers for the detection of Sudan III in food matrices

“…In recent years, it was demonstrated that immunosorbent assays [18][19][20][21] as well as electrochemical sensors based on voltammetric readout [22][23][24] can be applied for this analytical problem. Additionally, the applicability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometric methods was presented [25,26].…”