Development of a Sensor Based on Poly(1,2‐diaminoanthraquinone) for Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Mercury (II) and Bismuth (III)

Abstract

Contamination of natural water by mercury (Hg 2 + ) and bismuth (Bi 3 + ) metal ions have been extensively studied due to their toxic effects. A validated square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW-ASV) method for determining Bi 3 + and Hg 2 + ions individually and simultaneously is described. A new electrochemical sensor was constructed using a gold (Au) electrode that has been modified with poly(1,2-diaminoanthraquinone) (p-1,2-DAAQ). Scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the p-1,2-DAAQ/Au modified electrode. Factors such as the polymer film thickness, electrolyte, square wave parameters and preconcentration conditions were optimized to improve the performance of the modified Au electrode. Good linear responses were achieved in the concentration ranges of 1-200 μg L À 1 and 1-50 μg L À 1 forBi 3 + and Hg 2 + , respectively, and the limits of detection were 0.27 μg L À 1 (Bi 3 + ) and 0.29 μg L À 1 (Hg 2 + ). The interference study results illustrated the high selectivity of the modified electrode for detection of Bi 3 + and Hg 2 + . The proposed SW-ASV method was successfully applied for Bi 3 + and Hg 2 + analyses in different real water samples.

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…Polymer film electrodes are obtained primarily by electropolymerization of the monomers on the electrode surface 94,141,[223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230]274,275 However, Yi et al 91 drop-coated the surface of the GCE with a suspension of poly(L-glutamic acid) and GO in N,N-dimethylformamide, and used the modified film electrode for simultaneous determination of Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Hg 2+ . Aminoanthraquinone 141,229,230,274 and PPy derivative polymers, 77,210,216,223 are among the most used conductive polymers to coat the electrodes. The modified electrodes are obtained either by pure polymer film-formation, [223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] or by combining the polymers with other materials and/or compounds.…”

“…Aminoanthraquinone 141,229,230,274 and PPy derivative polymers, 77,210,216,223 are among the most used conductive polymers to coat the electrodes. The modified electrodes are obtained either by pure polymer film-formation, [223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] or by combining the polymers with other materials and/or compounds. 91,94,95,141,210,220,274,276…”

“…Although the vast majority of the studies reported on the combined use of polymers and other materials and/or molecules to modify the electrodes, 22,23,26,29,32,35,37,38,41,45,61,69,71–73,77,80,84,87,89,91,92,94,96–102,106,122–124,131,141–144,175,176,182–184,186,187,197,200–221 there is also a significant number of studies on polymers as sole modifiers. 174,185,222–232 These exceptions include, among others, the pure polymer film-modified electrodes discussed in section 4. A combination of two polymers ( i.e.…”

“…, metallic- 25,40,50,83,181,197,233,235,245–273 and polymeric-film electrodes. 77,91,94,95,141,210,217,220,223–230,274–276 However, the combination of metallic (Bi) and polymer films ( i.e. , PPy and aminonaphthalenesulphonic acid derivatives), in addition to other materials, was also used to modify GCEs for the determination of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ .…”

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of bromocresol green in river water

“…Electrochemical sensors are considered promising tools for detecting organic pollutants with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity compared with spectroscopic and optical sensors [13,14]. Many electrochemical tools, including voltammetric, amperometric and impedimetric, could be used for pollutant detection [15][16][17][18]. The voltammetric method has been widely studied as a powerful method for dye evaluation based on different techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) [19][20][21].…”