Development of a scoring system for the early diagnosis of equine neonatal sepsis

Brewer, Barbara D.; Koterba, Anne M.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01445.x

Cited by 224 publications

(238 citation statements)

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“…Other studies have revealed a correlation between sepsis and the IgG concentration and survival in neonatal foals. 4,6,7 The survival data were not stratified by actual cause of death (euthanasia or natural death), thus it cannot be succinctly determined if failure of the passive transfer of IgG influenced the attending veterinarians' decision on recommendation for euthanasia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical records of the ill foals were reviewed, and the sepsis score calculated for the time of admission (positive or negative), 6 blood culture results (positive, negative, or not done), absolute neutrophil count at the time of admission, and survival to discharge (lived, died) were recorded. Serum lactoferrin data were further stratified in the sick foal population based on whether the foal was neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count ,4,000/mL) 25 or if the neutrophil count was .4,000/mL at admission.…”

Section: Clinical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The strong association between increased risk for septicemia and mortality in foals with inadequate serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations has focused major emphasis on the role of IgG in preventing infection of neonates. 4,6,7 However, the fact that some foals with adequate transfer of colostral IgG succumb to infection and some foals with inadequate transfer of IgG do not acquire infection in the perinatal period 3 supports the premise that there are other significant components of transferred immunity that protect neonates against microbial disease. Indeed, evidence from other species suggests that additional factors in colostrum, such as lactoferrin, might also be important in innate immunity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Healthy or Ill Neonatal Foals and Healthy Adult Horses

Barton

Hurley

Norton

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Lactoferrin is a colostral glycoprotein with antimicrobial properties. Hypotheses: (1) Serum lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations are correlated and increase in healthy foals after ingestion of colostrum; (2) compared to healthy foals, ill foals will have lower lactoferrin concentrations that correlate with their IgG concentration, neutrophil count, the diagnosis of sepsis, and survival; and (3) plasma concentrations of lactoferrin will be less than serum concentrations.Animals: Healthy foals (n 5 16), mature horses (n 5 10), and ill foals 1-4 days old (n 5 111) that were examined for suspected sepsis were used for blood collection. Colostrum was obtained from 10 healthy mares unrelated to the foals.Methods: Blood was obtained from the healthy foals at birth and 1-3 days of age and from the ill foals at admission. Serum IgG was quantified by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum and blood were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The sepsis score, blood culture results, neutrophil counts, and survival were obtained on ill foals.Results: The mean colostral lactoferrin concentration was 21.7 mg/mL. Compared to values at birth, serum IgG (18 6 2 versus 2,921 6 245 mg/dL, SEM) and lactoferrin (249 6 39 versus 445 6 63 ng/mL, SEM) concentrations were significantly greater in healthy foals 1-3 days old. Serum lactoferrin concentration in 1-3-day-old healthy foals was not different from mature horses or ill foals. IgG and lactoferrin concentrations were significantly correlated only in healthy foals. Serum lactoferrin concentrations were significantly lower in ill neutropenic foals. The serum IgG concentration was significantly lower in ill foals as compared to healthy foals. Only serum IgG was significantly less in ill foals with a positive sepsis score and in nonsurvivors. Plasma lactoferrin concentrations were lower than serum concentrations, although values were significantly correlated.Clinical Importance: Although both serum IgG and lactoferrin concentrations increase in healthy foals after ingestion of colostrum, only serum IgG is significantly correlated with the sepsis score and outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Healthy or Ill Neonatal Foals and Healthy Adult Horses

Barton

Hurley

Norton

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…In foals 30 days of age, sepsis score was calculated as previously reported from information available in the medical records. 15 …”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Agents Detected in the Feces of Diarrheic Foals: A Retrospective Study of 233 Cases (2003–2008)

Frederick

Giguère

Sanchez

2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals.Objectives: To determine the frequency of detection of infectious agents in a population of hospitalized foals with diarrhea and to determine if detection of specific pathogens is associated with age, outcome, or clinicopathologic data.Animals: Two hundred and thirty-three foals 10 months of age with diarrhea examined at a referral institution. Methods: Retrospective case series. Each foal was examined for Salmonella spp., viruses, Clostridium difficile toxins, Clostridium perfringens culture, C. perfringens enterotoxin, Cryptosporidium spp., and metazoan parasites in feces collected at admission or at the onset of diarrhea.Results: At least 1 infectious agent was detected in 122 foals (55%). Rotavirus was most frequently detected (20%) followed by C. perfringens (18%), Salmonella spp. (12%), and C. difficile (5%). Foals o 1 month of age were significantly more likely to be positive for C. perfringens (odds ratio [OR] 5 15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5 3.5-66) or to have negative fecal diagnostic results (OR 5 3.0, 95% CI 5 1.7-5.2) than older foals. Foals 4 1 month of age were significantly more likely to have Salmonella spp. (OR 5 2.6, 95% CI 5 1.2-6.0), rotavirus (OR 5 13.3, 95% CI 5 5.3-33), and parasites (OR 5 23, 95% CI 5 3.1-185) detected compared with younger foals. Overall 191 of the 223 foals (87%) survived. The type of infectious agent identified in the feces or bacteremia was not significantly associated with survival.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In the population studied, foals with diarrhea had a good prognosis regardless of which infectious agent was identified in the feces.

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“…Darüber hinaus gibt es praktikable, über den ApgarScore hinausgehende Programme, die weitergehend gestatten, den Vitalitätsgrad eines wenige Stunden respektive Tage alten Fohlens mittels ethologischer und klinischer Beurteilung so weit abzuschätzen, dass erkannt werden kann, ob eine aberrante Situation vorliegt und ein tierärztliches Eingreifen als notwendig erscheint (Rossdale 1978, Brewer und Koterba 1988, Bostedt et al 1997, Corley 2004 (Rossdale 1968, Rose et al 1982, Stewart et al 1984, Bostedt und Bellinghausen 1985, Madigan et al 1992 (Apgar 1953, Bostedt und Thein 1990. Alle Fohlen hatten einen Wert von ≥ 7.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

About the development of the pH- and ABE value in venous blood of foals from uncomplicated births in the first 96 hours of life

Bostedt¹,

Gorlt²

2011

PHK

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ZusammenfassungDie kardio-respiratorische und metabolische Anpassung in der Periode des Überganges von der intrauterinen zur extrauterinen Daseinsform stellt bei equinen Neonaten eine besonders kritische Situation dar. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, die unter Feldbedingungen ermittelten differenten pH-und ABE-Werte in Korrelation zum Gesundheitsstatus und zur Vigilanz neugeborener Fohlen zu setzen. Für die Untersuchung standen insgesamt 41 equine Neonaten aus einem Warmblutgestüt zur Verfügung. Nach ungestörtem Graviditätsverlauf (334±10d) wurden alle Probanden per vias naturales entwickelt. 37 Fohlen waren matur und eutroph, 4 dagegen hypotroph. Sie standen unter regelmäßiger klinischer Kontrolle (Apgar Score, Giessener Vorsorgeprogramm 1 und 2). Vom Zeitpunkt 0 bis 96 Stunden post natum wurden pro Fohlen 11 Blutproben aus der ungestauten Vena jugularis gewonnen, um den pH-Wert, den Kohlendioxidpartialdruck sowie die aktuelle Basenabweichung mit Hilfe einer netzunabhängigen Messeinheit direkt im Stall bestimmen (AVL, Opti 1). Die klinische Einteilung der Probanden erfolgte in die Gruppe vitaler Fohlen (n=30) und in die Gruppe der Fohlen (n = 11), die leichte Einschränkungen in den Vitalfunktionen innerhalb der ersten 24-48 Lebensstunden aufwiesen. Im Gesamtkollektiv war innerhalb von 60 Minuten ein signifikanten Anstieg der pH-Werte (p ≤ 0,01) und ABE-Werte (p ≤ 0,01) zu verzeichnen. In der Folgezeit kam es zu einer vorübergehenden Absenkung der pH-Werte (24. h p. n.; p ≤ 0,01), dem ein Wiederanstieg folgte. Parallel dazu nahmen auch die ABE-Werte von der 2. Lebensstunde (p ≤ 0,05-0,01) an ab, wobei diese Phase bis zur 24. h p. n. anhielt. Danach nahmen die ABE-Werte wieder zu. Die Kurvenverläufe für die pH-und ABE-Werte innerhalb des 96-Stunden-Zeitraumes waren different und konnten so in vier Untergruppen unterteilt werden. Auffallend war, dass nur bei 22 % der Fohlen ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg des pH-Wertes gegeben war. Bei der Mehrzahl der Fohlen (78 %) war eine vorübergehende larvierte Depression der pH-Kurve zu erkennen. Zudem kam es in allen vier Gruppen zwischen der 6. und 72. Lebensstunde zu einer deutlichen Senkung der ABE-Werte, deren Dauer sehr different verlief. Es konnten somit im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung an einem 41 Fohlen umfassenden Probandenkollektiv, welches einheitlichen Ernährungs-und Haltungsbedingungen unterlag, nachgewiesen werden, dass es bei einem Großteil der equinen Neonaten zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten innerhalb der ersten Adaptationsperiode trotz weitgehend komplikationslos verlaufener Geburt zu einer Depression im Säure-Basen-Haushalt kommt. In Zusammenhang damit traten bei 11 Fohlen innerhalb der Periode 0-24 Stunden p. n. ethologische Störungen, teilweise verbunden mit klinisch-funktionellen Symptomen, auf. Diese Befunde machen deutlich, dass auch equine Neonaten aus weitgehend komplikationsfreiem Geburtsgeschehen einer fortlaufenden Überwachung innerhalb der ersten 4 Lebenstage bedürfen, da sie postnatal gewissen Gefährdungsperioden hinsichtlich der respiratorischen und metab...

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Development of a scoring system for the early diagnosis of equine neonatal sepsis

Cited by 224 publications

References 8 publications

Serum Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Healthy or Ill Neonatal Foals and Healthy Adult Horses

Serum Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Healthy or Ill Neonatal Foals and Healthy Adult Horses

Infectious Agents Detected in the Feces of Diarrheic Foals: A Retrospective Study of 233 Cases (2003–2008)

About the development of the pH- and ABE value in venous blood of foals from uncomplicated births in the first 96 hours of life

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