Development of a Scale to Measure Directive Guidance by Pharmacists

Abstract

The PPDG is short and easy to administer, and showed validity and reliability. The PPDG scale should be useful in developing a better understanding of the process by which pharmacists influence healthcare outcomes, assessing variations in pharmaceutical care, and as a tool in identifying means of overcoming barriers to higher levels of pharmaceutical care.

Psychometric Properties of the Purdue Pharmacist Directive Guidance (PPDG) Scale in a Sample of Diabetes Patients in the Southwestern United States

“…The two factors named "Instruction" and "Feedback and Goal Setting" tap important socially supportive behaviors provided by pharmacists as key aspects in the pharmaceutical care process (Kong & Wertheimer, 1994;Gupchup, et al, 1996). Results are similar to a study conducted in Australia which found that a modified version of the PPDG yielded two factors with similar content (Chapman, 2005).…”

“…These values are higher than previously reported values (Gupchup, et al, 1996;Sen & Thomas, 2000;Singhal, et al, 2002), and indicate good internal consistency (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994). McDonald's omega for the entire scale was .97.…”

“…Also, most of the sample (78%) had at least completed high school. Other than a higher percentage of participants with a lower income, the demographic characteristics of the study sample are similar to those in the previous studies assessing the psychometric properties of the scale (Gupchup, et al, 1996;Sen & Thomas, 2000). Notably, 46% (n = 45) of the study sample were self-identified Hispanic.…”

Development of the Consumer Assessment of Pharmacy Services survey

“…Some pharmacies continue to focus almost exclusively on dispensing functions, whereas others offer a wide variety of disease management and medication therapy management (MTM) services. Although a number of measures have been developed to assess patient perceptions of the quality of outpatient pharmacy services, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] no single measure takes the current breadth of services into consideration. Moreover, no single measure provides a mechanism for benchmarking the quality of pharmacy services nationwide.…”

Psychometric Assessment of the PPDG: Utilizing Cronbach's Alpha as a Means of Reliability

“…The PPDG is a ten-item measure that enhances the understanding of pharmaceutical care delivery in pharmacy practice by assessing the general factor of directive guidance (13). In essence, on a Likert-type scale of 0-4, patients rate the level of perceived instruction and feedback and goal setting received from their pharmacist during the past 3 months.…”